روش‌های برآورد مقادیر برداشت و تخلیه منابع آب زیرزمینی (بخش دوم: بررسی وضعیت جهان و ایران)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی و مدیریت آب، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/jwim.2023.355855.1058

چکیده

منابع آب‌ زیرزمینی به‌عنوان منابعی حیاتی برای نسل‌های فعلی و آینده، در بسیاری از دشت­های ایران به‌طور پایدار مورد استفاده قرار نگرفته است. منابع آب زیرزمینی در سده‌ اخیر بر اثر افزایش جمعیت و افزایش تقاضای غذایی ناشی از آن بیش از پیش برداشت شده­اند. این مسئله تهدیدی جدی برای حفظ معیشت، پایداری جوامع محلی و سرمایه‌گذاری‌های اقتصادی است. ازاین‌رو شناخت، بررسی و تدوین راه‌کارهایی به‌منظور جلوگیری از ادامه­ این روند ضروری به‌نظر می‌رسد. روش­های متداولی برای برآورد مقادیر برداشت (آمارهای کشوری و مدل‌سازی هیدرولوژیکی) و تخلیه (روش بیلان آب، روش­های مبتنی برحجم و برآورد­های غیرمستقیم زمین­سنجی یا ژئودزیکی) وجود دارد که با توجه به محدودیت و ویژگی­های هر یک می­توان از آن‌ها بهره جست. ازاین‌رو، در این مطالعه به ارزیابی روش­های برآورد مقادیر برداشت و تخلیه با استفاده از مرور مطالعات صورت‌گرفته در دو بخش جهان و ایران پرداخته شده است، تا چشم­انداز کلی از وضعیت منابع آب زیرزمینی جهان و ایران به‌دست آید. جمع­بندی حاصل از مطالعات صورت‌گرفته بیانگر برداشت و تخلیه 800 و 184 میلیارد مترمکعب در سطح جهانی و 71 و 9/6 میلیارد مترمکعب (10 و چهار درصد میزان جهانی) برای ایران می‌باشد که نشان­دهنده­ اتکای منابع آب کشور به منابع آب‌ زیرزمینی است. اتکایی که منجر به بروز مشکلاتی اعم از شوری و کاهش تراز آب زیرزمینی، فرونشست و مسائل اجتماعی اقتصادی حاصل از آن می­شود. هم‌چنین بیش‌ترین استفاده از منابع آب‌ زیرزمینی مربوط به کشاورزی می­باشد و با وجود کاهش سهم مقدار برداشت، نسبت مقدار تخلیه به مقدار برداشت تغییری ننموده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Groundwater Resources Withdrawal and Depletion Estimation Methods (Part 2: An Overview of the World and Iran Condition)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Mahdi Rasouli
  • Elmira Valipour
  • Hamed Ketabchi
Departement of Water Engineering and Management, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Groundwater resources are critical water resources for present and future generations. However, it has not been used sustainably in most of  Iran's plains, and due to the increase in population and food demand caused by it in the last century, it has been withdrawn more than in the past. The issue has been raised as a serious threat to the maintenance of livelihoods, the stability of local communities, and economic investments in the region. To prevent the continuation of this process, it seems necessary to identify, review, and formulate solutions. A variety of methods can be employed for estimating the withdrawal (country reports and hydrological modelling) and depletion (water balance methods, volume-based methods and indirect geodetic estimates or geodetic) amounts according to their limitations and characteristics. Based on literature reviews in two parts of the world and in Iran, the methods of estimation of withdrawal and depletion were evaluated to obtain a general understanding of its situation. Studies show that 800 and 184 billion cubic meters are respectively withdrawn and depleted on a global scale. In addition, there are 71 and 6.9 billion cubic meters (which is 10% and 4% of the global amount) for Iran, and this reflects Iran's dependence on groundwater resources. The dependency leads to the emergence of problems such as salinity and groundwater level depletion, subsidence and related social and economic issues. Moreover, most of the use of groundwater is linked to agriculture, and despite the decrease in its portion of withdrawals, the relationship between depletion and withdrawals has not changed.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Groundwater level depletion
  • Subsidence
  • Sustainable use
  • Water balance

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مدیریت آب و آبیاری
دوره 13، شماره 2
تیر 1402
صفحه 407-427

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