تخصیص بهینۀ بار آلودگی بر مبنای الگوی تجارت کیفیت آب در پائین‌دست رودخانۀ سفیدرود

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکدۀ محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران

2 استادیار گروه مهندسی محیط زیست، دانشکدۀ محیط زیست، دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

الگوی تجارت مجوز انتشار آلودگی، رویکردی نوین در مدیریت کیفی منابع آب سطحی به شمار می‌رود. بر همین اساس، این پژوهش به تخصیص بهینۀ بار آلودگی مبتنی بر پارامتر اکسیژن‌خواهی بیوشیمیایی آب (BOD) در رودخانۀ سفیدرود، حدفاصل سد سنگر تا مصب دریا می‌پردازد. بدین منظور، رودخانه از نظر کمی و کیفی توسط مدل Qual2kw شبیه‌سازی شده و مقدار بار مجاز تخلیۀ آلودگی روزانه (TMDL) تعیین شده است. همچنین به روش آنالیز حساسیت، مقدار ضرایب تأثیر هر منبع آلاینده، پس از نرمال‌سازی مشخص و تخصیص بهینۀ پساب با هدف حداقل‌کردن هزینه‌های کل تصفیۀ بار آلودگی تعیین شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد حفاظت از منابع آبی به روش کنترل تخلیۀ بار مجاز آلودگی نسبت‌به روش متعارف کنترل دستوری، سبب کاهش هزینه‌های کل تصفیه تا 10 درصد خواهد شد. همچنین می‌توان انتظار داشت شاخص کیفی آب حدود 20 واحد افزایش یابد. الگوی تجارت مجوز انتشار آلودگی، میزان صرفه‌جویی هزینه‌ها را تا 26 درصد افزایش می‌دهد. با کنترل عملکرد بازار در انتهای دورۀ طرح، پیش‌بینی می‌شود بازار فروش مجوز BOD همچنان در بلندمدت سودآور باشد و با حجم مبادلات معادل 466 واحد، از صرفه‌جویی ارزی 10 درصد برخوردار شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Waste load allocation in Sefidrud using water quality trading

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shervin Jamshidi 1
  • Mohammad Hossein Niksokhan 2
1 PhD Student, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Water quality trading (WQT) is a novel framework for surface water quality management. This research studies the optimal waste load allocation (WLA) in regard based on BOD parameter in downstream of Sefidrud River. For this purpose, the river is simulated by Qual2kw software and the total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) required are determined. The impact factors of pollutes are also specified using sensitivity analysis and normalized. The optimal WLA is defined through total abatement cost functions and impact factors in which the minimization of total cost is an objective. The analytical results show that WLA based on TMDLs may save 10% economically in comparison with the conventional command and control policy in which water quality index (WQI) may increase 20 units in regard. Moreover, WQT also develops cost savings to about 26% in which 418 credits may be traded. Here, the industrial and domestic sources that have high impact factors or low marginal costs are assigned as permit sellers. The primary permit price is also estimated within the recommended market. In addition, in long term, the efficiency of market is confirmed in which 466 credits may be traded and save 10 percent in overall.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • BOD
  • discharge permits
  • Sefidrud
  • waste load allocation (WLA)
  • Water Quality Trading (WQT)
صابری ا. (1393) تخصیص بار آلودگی با رویکرد حل اختلاف در تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیاره. دانشگاه تهران. تهران. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد.
2. جعفری ع.، طاهریون م.، یاوری ا. و باغوند ا. (1388) تجارت آلودگی به روش مجوزهای تخلیه قابل مبادله در رودخانه و ارزیابی آن از نظر کارایی هزینه. فصلنامه محیط‌شناسی. 51: 101-110.
3. اکبرزاده ع. و جمشیدی ش. (1393) ارتقا و بهسازی تصفیه‌خانه‌های آب و فاضلاب. چاپ اول، انتشارات خانیران، تهران.
4. Akbarzadeh A Jamshidi S and Vakhshouri M (2015) Nutrient uptake rate and removal efficiency of Vetiveria zizanioides in contaminated waters. Pollution. 1:1-8.
5. Ashtiani EF Jamshidi S Niksokhan MH Feizi Ashtiani AF (2015) Value Index, a Novel Decision Making Approach for Waste Load Allocation. International Journal of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering. 9(6): 624-628.
6. Ashtiani EF Niksokhan MH and Jamshidi S (2015) Equitable Fund Allocation, an Economical Approach for Sustainable Waste Load Allocation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. DOI 10.1007/s10661-015-4739-4.
7. Boyd B and Greenwood R (2005) Water quality trading: Assessment methods and lessons. Environmental Quality Management. 14(14): 23-29.
8. Caplan AJ and Sasaki Y (2014) Benchmarking an optimal pattern of pollution trading: The case of Cub River, Utah. Economic Modelling. 36:502-510.
9. Collentine D (2005) Including non-point sources in a water quality trading permit program. Water science and technology. 51(3-4):47-53.
10. Corrales J Melodie Naja G Bhat MG and Miralles-Wilhelm F (2014) Modeling a phosphorous credit trading program in an agricultural watershed. Journal of Environmental Management.143:162-172.
11. Doyle MW Patterson LA Chen Y Schneir K and Yates AJ (2014) Optimizing the scale of markets for water quality trading. Water Resources Research.50(9):7231-7244.
12. Eheart JW and Ling Ng T (2004) Role of effluent permit trading in total maximum daily load programs: Overview and uncertainty and reliability implications. Journal of environmental engineering (ASCE). 130(6): 615-621.
13. Horan RD and Shortle J (2011) Economic and ecological rules for water quality trading. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA). 47(1):59-69.
14. Jamshidi S Ardestani M and Niksokhan MH (2015) Seasonal Waste Load Allocation Policy within Integrated Discharge Permits and Reclaimed Water Market. Water Policy. DOI:10.2166/wp.2015.30120.
15. Jamshidi S and Niksokhan MH (2015) Multiple Pollutant Discharge Permit Markets, A Challenge for Wastewater Treatment Plants. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. DOI 10.1080/09640568.2015.1077106
16. Jamshidi S Niksokhan MH and Ardestani M (2014) Surface Water Quality Management Using Integrated Discharge Permit and Reclaimed Water Market. Water Science and Technology. 70(5):917-924.
17. Jamshidi S Niksokhan MH Ardestani M and Jaberi H (2015) Enhancement of Surface Water Quality Using Trading Discharge Permits and Artificial Aeration. Environmental Earth Sciences. DOI: 10.1007/s12665-015-4663-5.
18. Javid A Yaghmaeian K Abbasi E and Roudbari A (2014) An evaluation of water quality from Mojen River, by NSFWQI index. Journal of Ecological Engineering. 15(4):1-6.
19. Kannel PR Lee S Lee YS Kanel SR and Pelletier GJ (2007) Application of automated Qualt2kw for water quality modelling and management in the Bagmati River, Nepal. Ecological Modelling. 202:503-517.
20. Kardos JS and Obropta CC (2011) Water quality model uncertainty analysis of a point-point source phosphorous trading program. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 47(6):1317–1337.
21. Newburn DA and Woodward RT (2012) An ex post evaluation of Ohio’s Great Miami water quality trading program. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA). 48(1):156–169.
22. Massarutto A (2007) Water pricing and full cost recovery of water services: economic incentives or instrument of public finance?. Water Policy. 9(6):591-613.
23. Mesbah SM Kerachian R and Torabian A (2010) Trading pollutant discharge permits in rivers using fuzzy nonlinear cost functions. Desalination. 250(1):313-317.
24. Niksokhan MH, Kerachian R and Amin P (2009) A stochastic conflict resolution model for trading pollutant discharge permits in river systems. Environmental Monitoring and assessment.154:219-232.
25. Niksokhan MH Kerachian R and Karamouz M (2009) A game theoretic approach for trading discharge permits in rivers. Water Science and Technology. 60(3):793-804.
26. O’Grady D (2011) Sociopolitical conditions for successful water quality trading in the south nation river watershed, Ontario, Canada. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 47(1):39-51.
27. Obropta CC Niazi M and Kardos JS (2008) Application of an environmental decision support system to a water quality trading program affected by surface water diversions. Environmental Management. 42:946-956.
28. Ranga Prabodanie RA Raffensperger JF and Milke MW (2010) A pollution offset system for trading non-point source water pollution permits. Environmental and Resource Economics. 45:499-515.
29. Ribaudo MO and Gottlieb J (2011) Point-Nonpoint Trading – Can it Work? Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA). 47(1):5-14.
30. Ribaudo MO and Savage J (2014) Controlling non-additional credits from nutrient management in water quality trading programs through eligibility baseline stringency. Ecological Economics. 105:233-239.
31. Roberts AM and Craig RK (2014) Regulatory reform requirements to address diffuse source water quality problems in Australia: learning from US experiences. Australasian Journal of Environmental Management. 21(1):102-115.
32. Sarang A Lence BJ and Shamsai A (2008) Multiple Interactive Pollutants in Water Quality Trading. Environmental Management. 42:620–646.
33. Wittmann N (2014) A note on distortional distributional effect in river basin discharge permits trade. Water Resource Management. 28(1):279-285.
34. USEPA (2004) Water quality trading assessment handbook. 120 p.