بررسی تغییرات مؤلفه‌های بیلان آب با استفاده از مدل SWAT+ و تعیین نقش عوامل مؤثر بر آن‌ها

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه مهندسی و مدیریت آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

10.22059/jwim.2023.358050.1066

چکیده

گزارش‌های دقیق بیلان منابع آب اهمیت زیادی در ارتقای برنامه‌­های مدیریت پایدار حوضه‌های آبریز دارد. هدف اصلی در این مطالعه ارزیابی و استفاده از مدل SWAT+، به‌عنوان نسخه جدید مدل SWAT در شبیه‌سازی فرایندهای هیدرولوژیکی و تعیین نقش عوامل مؤثر در تغییرات مؤلفه­های بیلان آبی در حوضه آبریز طشک بختگان است. در این راستا بعد از تهیه اطلاعات موردنیاز و واردکردن آن‌ها به مدل SWAT+، مراحل واسنجی و صحت‌سنجی مدل برای جریان رودخانه‌ها در 10 ایستگاه هیدرومتری، جریان پایه در سه ایستگاه بالادستی‌ و هم‌چنین واسنجی تراز آب زیرزمینی، تبخیروتعرق و عملکرد محصولات عمده کشت‌شده در سطح حوضه در طول بازه زمانی (1980-2014) انجام شد. ارزیابی نتایج واسنجی مدل در بیش‌تر ایستگاه‌ها مقادیر شاخص‌ (5/0R2>) و (2/0NSE>) را نشان می‌دهد که نتایج مطلوب و قابل‌قبول بود. مقایسه نتایج بیلان آب حاصل از SWAT+ با نتایج سایر مطالعات نشان می‌دهد که مقادیر نهایی پارامتر تبخیر-تعرق بیش‌تر و جریانات سطحی کم‌تر از نتایج سایر پژوهش‌ها بود، به‌طوربه‌طوری‌که فقط در مقایسه با نتایج مدل SWAT، سه مؤلفه مذکور به‌ترتیب افزایش 17/0، 13/1 و کاهش 06/0 میلیارد مترمکعب در سال را نشان می‌دادند. بررسی تغییرات مکانی و زمانی مؤلفه‌‌های بیلان نیز نشان ‌داد که تغییرات بارش و تبخیر-تعرق از شمال به جنوب حوضه کاهشی است و در مناطق پربارش تناسب و همخوانی نوسانات آن‌ها بیش‌تر است. بیش‌ترین عامل در کاهش مقادیر آبدهی (7/74 درصد) و افزایش تبخیر-تعرق (3/80 درصد)حوضه مربوط به عوامل غیراقلیمی و انسانی از جمله تغییر کاربری اراضی، احداث سدها و ... است و تأثیر عوامل اقلیمی بر تغییرات آبدهی و تبخیر-تعرق  به‌ترتیب 3/25 درصد و 7/19 درصد است. ارزیابی نتایج واسنجی مدل SWAT+ و مقایسه نتایج آن با سایر مطالعات انجام‌شده در حوضه حاکی از عملکرد قابل‌قبول این مدل در شبیه‌سازی و تفکیک سهم عوامل مختلف اقیلمی و انسانی در شرایط هیدرولوژیکی حوضه موردمطالعه می‌باشد. لذا با توجه به قابلیت­های جدید این مدل و اصلاح فرایندهای شبیه­سازی آب­های زیرزمینی و تبادلات آن با رودخانه نسبت به مدل SWAT، استفاده از این مدل در جهت برآورد و تدقیق مؤلفه­های بیلان آبی حوضه­های آبریز توصیه می­گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating Changes in Water Balance Components Using the SWAT+ Model and Determining the Role of Factors Affecting Them

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ramin Hadi qoraqi
  • Majid Delavar
Department of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Detailed water resource balance reports are very important in promoting sustainable watershed management programs. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate and use the SWAT+ model as a new version of the SWAT model in simulating hydrological processes and determining the role of effective factors in the changes of water balance components in Tashk Bakhtegan basin. In this regard, after preparing the required information and entering them into the SWAT+ model, the steps of calibration and validation of the model for river flow in 10 hydrometric stations, base flow in three upstream stations, as well as calibration of the underground water level, evapotranspiration and yield of major cultivated crops was done at the basin level during the period (1980-2014). The evaluation of the model calibration results in most of the stations shows the index values of (R2>0.5) and (NSE>0.2) that the results were favorable and acceptable. Comparing the results of the water balance obtained from SWAT+ with the results of other studies shows that the final values of the evaporation-transpiration parameter were higher and the surface currents were lower than the results of other researches, so that only compared to the results of the SWAT model, the three mentioned components increased by 17. 0, 1.13 and showed a decrease of 0.06 billion cubic meters per year. Examining the spatial and temporal changes of the balance components also showed that the changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration decrease from north to south of the basin, and in areas with high rainfall, their fluctuations are more proportionate and congruent. The most important factor in the decrease of water flow (74.7 percent) and the increase of evaporation-transpiration (80.3 percent) of the basin is related to non-climatic and human factors such as land use change, construction of dams, etc. and the effect of climatic factors on water flow changes and evaporation-transpiration is 25.3 percent and 19.7 percent respectively. Evaluation of SWAT+ model calibration results and comparison of its results with other studies conducted in the basin indicate the acceptable performance of this model in simulating and separating the contribution of different climatic and human factors in the hydrological conditions of the studied basin. Therefore, according to the new capabilities of this model and the improvement of the simulation processes of underground water and its exchange with the river compared to the SWAT model, it is recommended to use this model in order to estimate and verify the water balance components of basins.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Evapotranspiration
  • Sustainable management
  • SWAT+ model
  • Tashk Bakhtegan basin
  • Water resource
  1. Arnold, J. G., Moriasi, D. N., Gassman, P. W., Abbaspour, K. C., White, M. J., Srinivasan, R., ... & Jha, M. K. (2012). SWAT: Model use, calibration, and validation. Transactions of the ASABE55(4), 1491-150
  2. Abbaspour, K.C., Yang, J., Maximov, I., Siber, R., Bogner, K., Mieleitner, J., Zobrist, J., & Srinivasan, R. (2007). Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT. Journal of Hydrology, 333 (2-4), 413-430.
  3. Amiri, M. (2008). Model calibration and evaluation to simulate hydrological SWRRB runoff (Case study: Kesilian watershed). Natural resources of Iran. (In Persian)
  4. Ansari, M.R., Gorji, M., Sayyad, G.A., Shorafa, M., & Hammadi, K. (2016). Simulation of runoff in rood zard basin using arc swat model. Irrigation sciences and engineering. Scientific journal of agriculture, 38(4), 97-107. (In Persian)
  5. Bailey, R.T., Park, S., Bieger, K., Arnold, J. G., & Allen, P. M. (2020). Enhancing SWAT+ simulation of groundwater flow and groundwatersurface water interactions using MODFLOW routines. Environmental Modelling & Software, 126, 104660
  6. Bailey, R.T., Bieger, K., Flores, L., & Tomer, M. (2022). Evaluating the contribution of subsurface drainage to watershed water yield using SWAT+ with groundwater modeling. Science of the Total Environment, 802, 149962.
  7. Barati, F., Hosseini, M., Saremi, A., & Mokhtari, A. (2020). Simulation of Hydrological Balance in Eskandari Watershed Using SWAT Model and algorithms SUFI2. JWMSEIR, 14 (48), 90-99. (In Persian)
  8. Bieger, K., Arnold, J. G., Rathjens, H., White, M. J., Bosch, D. D., Allen, P. M., Volk, M., & Srinivasan, R. (2017). Introduction to SWAT+, a completely restructured version of the soil and water assessment tool. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 53(1), 115-130.
  9. Dechmi, F., Burguete, J., & Skhiri, A. (2012). SWAT application in intensive irrigation systems: Model modification, calibration and validation. Journal of Hydrology470, 227-238.‏
  10. Delavar, M., Morid, S., & Raeisi, L. (2020). Implementation of the WA+ water accounting system at the basin level and the challenges (Lessons Learned from the Case Study of Tashk-Bakhtegan Basin). Iran-Water Resources Research16(2), 346-362. (In Persian)
  11. Faramarzi, M., Abbaspour, K.C., Schulin, R., & Yang, H. (2009). Modelling blue and. green water resources availability in Iran. Hydrological Processes, 23, 486-501.
  12. Farokhnia, A., & Morid, S. (2014). Assessment of GRACE and GLDAS Capabilities for Estimation of Water Balance in Large Scale Areas, a Case Study of Urmia Lake Watershed. Iran-Water Resources Research, 10(1), 51-62. (In Persian).
  13. Fontaine, T.A., Cruickshank, T.S., Arnold, J.G., & Hotchkiss, R.H. (2002). Development of a snowfall-snowmelt routine for mountainous terrain for the soil water assessment tool (SWAT), Journal of Hydrology, 262 (1-4), 209-223, DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00029-X
  14. Hosseini, M., Ghafouri, A.M., Amin, M.S., & Tabatabaei, M.R. (2010). Effect of Landuse Changes on Water Balance in Taleghan Catchment, Iran . Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 14(5), 1159-1172. (In Persian).
  15. Kakarndee, I., & Kositsakulchai, E. (2020).Comparison between SWAT and SWAT+ for simulating streamflow in a paddyfielddominated basin, northeast Thailand. The 13thThai Society of Agricultural Engineering International Conference (TSAE 2020).
  16. Miller S.N., Kepner W.G., Mehaffey M.H, Hernandez M., Miller R.C., Goodrich D.C., Devonald F.K., Heggem D.T., & Miller W.P. (2002). Integrating landscape assessment and hydrologic modeling for Land Cover change analysis, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 38 (4), 915-929, DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb05534.x
  17. Moriasi, D. N., Arnold, J. G., Van Liew, M. W., Bingner, R. L., Harmel, R. D., & Veith, T.L. (2007). Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the ASABE, 50(3), 885-900.
  18. Ndomba, P.M., & Birhanu, B.Z. (2008). Problems and Prospects of SWAT Model Applications in NILOTIC Catchments. Nile Basin Water Engineering Scientific Magazine, 1, 41-52.
  19. Rostamian, R., Jaleh, A., Afyuni, M., Mousavi, S F., Heidar pour, M., Jalalian, A., & Abbaspour, K. (2008). Application of a SWAT model for estimating runoff and sediment in two mountainous basins in central Iran. Hydrological Sciences, 53, 977-988.
  20. Santhi, C., Muttiah, R. S., Arnold, J. G., & Srinivasan, R. (2005). A GIS-based regional planning tool for irrigation demand assessment and savings using SWAT. Transactions of the ASAE48(1), 137-147.‏
  21. Seckler, D. (1999). Revisiting the IWMI paradigm: Increasing the efficiency and productivity of water use. International Water Management Institute: https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org
  22. Thampi, S., Raneesh, K., & Surya, T. V. (2010). Influence of scale on SWAT model calibration for stream flow in a river basin in the humid tropics. Water Resources Management, 24(15), 4567-4578.
  23. Van Tol, J., Bieger, K., & Arnold, J. G. (2021). A hydropedological approach to simulate streamflow and soil water contents with SWAT+. Hydrological Processes, 35(6), e14242.
  24. Vano, J. A., & Lettenmaier, D. P. (2014). A sensitivity-based approach to evaluating future changes in Colorado River discharge. Climatic Change, 122, 621-634.
  25. Vano, J.A., Das, T., & Lettenmaier, D.P. (2012). Hydrologic sensitivities of Colorado River runoff to changes in precipitation and temperature. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 13, 932-949.
  26. Van Liew, M. W., Veith, T. L., Bosch, D. D., & Arnold, J. G. (2007). Suitability of SWAT for the conservation effects assessment project: A comparison on USDA-ARS experimental watersheds. Journal of Hydrologic Eng, 12(2), 173-189.
  27. Wagner, P. D., Bieger, K., Arnold, J. G., & Fohrer, N. (2022). Representation of hydrological processes in a rural lowland catchment in Northern Germany using SWAT and SWAT+. Hydrological Processes,36, e14589.
  28. Zare Garizi, A., & Talebi, AS. (2016). Water balance simulation of watershed using SWAT model (Case study: Ghare Soo basin of Golestan province). Journal of Water Resources Engineering/ Ninth Year/ Fall 2016. (In Persian)