Environmental impact assessments of the irrigation and drainage plans using ICOLD, ICOLD Modified and Leopold matrices

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Water Engineering, College of AbuRaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran.

2 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht, Iran.

3 Department of Environment, Hydraulics and Water Structures Research Institute, Water Research Institute, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, Iran.

10.22059/jwim.2026.402235.1258

Abstract

The primary goal of an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to establish baseline environmental conditions, evaluate the potential impacts of a project’s activities, apply corrective measures to address deficiencies, and reassess conditions after these measures are implemented. This environmental auditing cycle—assessment, corrective action, verification, and re‑auditing—must be executed with accuracy and logical coherence to ensure effective mitigation strategies. The Varamin Irrigation and Drainage Project was examined from multiple perspectives using three assessment tools: the conventional ICOLD matrix, the modified ICOLD matrix, and the Leopold matrix. Findings indicate that each approach offers distinct methodological advantages, and their integration yields a more comprehensive evaluation. The conventional ICOLD matrix delivers a rapid, general overview of environmental impacts, particularly during the construction phase, serving as an initial decision‑support framework. The modified ICOLD matrix, adapted for greater precision and regional relevance, identifies more detailed and cumulative impacts, enabling both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The Leopold matrix provides a multidimensional framework that systematically links project activities such as canal and drain construction or operational stages to environmental components including water resources, soil quality, ecosystems, and local communities. Through its structured cause‑and‑effect analysis, it facilitates prioritization of key environmental concerns. By combining these three methodologies, decision‑makers gain a holistic understanding of environmental trade‑offs, making it possible to minimize adverse outcomes while enhancing project benefits. This integrated approach ensures that environmental considerations are embedded in planning and management processes, leading to more sustainable project outcomes in the Varamin region.

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References

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Water and Irrigation Management
Volume 16, Issue 1
July 2026
Pages 15-30

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