Journal of Water and Irrigation Management
University of Tehran, College of Aburaihan, Department Member
- Journal of Water and Irrigation Management is open access, double-blind peer-reviewed, and quarterly journal. This jo... moreJournal of Water and Irrigation Management is open access, double-blind peer-reviewed, and quarterly journal. This journal publishes researches concerned with water resources management (surface and groundwater), agricultural water supply or demand management, field water management, irrigation and drainage networks management, and surface runoff management. This provides efficient solutions for comprehensive water resource management. In this journal, the authors' findings are published as research articles, theoretical, analytical, and review papers in Persian with English abstracts.Website: https://jwim.ut.ac.ir Email: jwim@ut.ac.ir Phone: 98 (21) 36040903 Associate Editor: Dr. Seied Mehdy Hashamy Shahdany, Editor-in-Chief:Prof., Mohammad Javad Monem, Director-in-ChargeDr. Ali Izadi Darbandi, International Editorial Board: Professor Oner Cetin Professor Abdolmajid Mohammadian Dr. Umut Turker Editorial Board Professor Omid Bozorg Hadad Professor Ali Salajegheh Professor Teimour Sohrabi Professor Mahmood Shafai Bejestan Professor Mehdi Zarghami Professor Houshang Ghamarnia Professor Jamal Mohammad Vali Samani Associate Prof. Ali Reza Massah Bavani Professor Abdali Naseri Associate Prof. Seied Mehdy Hashemy Shahedany Associate Prof. Saman Javadi Manager: Dr. Ali Mohammadi Technical Editor: Soghra Hosseini Executive Director: Farhad Behzadi Executive Manager: Mitra Tanhapour Website Manager: Ali Mohammadiedit
Declining the quality and quantity of water resources in recent years has threatened food security, health and the development of communities, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the... more
Declining the quality and quantity of water resources in recent years has threatened food security, health and the development of communities, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of surface and groundwater resources in the drinking and irrigation sections of Zayandeh Rood basin that faces political and social sensitivities in addition to the dangers of the arid regions of the Central Plateau of Iran. In this paper, using the integrated groundwater footprint (iGF) and for the first time integrated surface water footprint (iSF) indices as well as applying the Schoeller and Wilcox standards for checking quality of drinking and agricultural water, respectively, water resources status has been evaluated in 2006 and 2016. The average of integrated groundwater management index in Zayandehrud basin for drinking and irrigation purposes in 2006 is equal to 8.9 and 1.3, respectively and these values have decreased to 7.3 and 1.1 in 2016. Furthermore, in 2006 the average of integrated index of surface water footprint for whole basin in drinking and irrigation water were obtained 3.8 and 2.4, respectively and these values have improved to 3.3 and 2 in 2016. However, the results of these two years show a relative improvement in water resources in the Zayandeh Rood Basin, but they are far from acceptable conditions, especially in the drinking water sector, which requires serious attention of decision makers for developing of dynamic plans for sustainable development of this basin.
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Declining the quality and quantity of water resources in recent years has threatened food security, health and the development of communities, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the... more
Declining the quality and quantity of water resources in recent years has threatened food security, health and the development of communities, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the quantitative and qualitative conditions of surface and groundwater resources in the drinking and irrigation sections of Zayandeh Rood basin that faces political and social sensitivities in addition to the dangers of the arid regions of the Central Plateau of Iran. In this paper, using the integrated groundwater footprint (iGF) and for the first time integrated surface water footprint (iSF) indices as well as applying the Schoeller and Wilcox standards for checking quality of drinking and agricultural water, respectively, water resources status has been evaluated in 2006 and 2016. The average of integrated groundwater management index in Zayandehrud basin for drinking and irrigation purposes in 2006 is equal to 8.9 and 1.3, respectively and these values have decreased to 7.3 and 1.1 in 2016. Furthermore, in 2006 the average of integrated index of surface water footprint for whole basin in drinking and irrigation water were obtained 3.8 and 2.4, respectively and these values have improved to 3.3 and 2 in 2016. However, the results of these two years show a relative improvement in water resources in the Zayandeh Rood Basin, but they are far from acceptable conditions, especially in the drinking water sector, which requires serious attention of decision makers for developing of dynamic plans for sustainable development of this basin.
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Climate change on a large scale increases changes in boundary indicators. Since these indicators play an important role in the occurrence of droughts, floods and other climate disasters, it is necessary to study their behavior in the... more
Climate change on a large scale increases changes in boundary indicators. Since these indicators play an important role in the occurrence of droughts, floods and other climate disasters, it is necessary to study their behavior in the context of climate change. In the present study, 24hour precipitation data of 11 synoptic stations during statistical periods (1987-2017) have been used. Climate change indicators (ETCCDI) have been used to extract trends using R-climdex software also to check the linear trend of the test TFPW-MN and in order to zoning the precipitation conditions, PCA method has been used in the form of MINITAB statistical software. The results of m-kendall test show that precipitation indicators in all studied stations have a decreasing and negative trend and homogeneous slope. After forming the variable correlation correlation matrix, the principal components were reduced to 11 components using the analysis method and rotated using a varimax rotation. By examining the results of PCA algorithm, four climatic types were identified. The fourth climatic type (Shiraz station) has the most effective role in creating climatic conditions in precipitation with a relatively 85% specific variance of the total changes. As a result, it can be said that the overall structure of precipitation in the study area is affected by latitude, the existence of rough configuration and air masses and by changing any of these factors, the rainfall will change.
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In order to evaluate the effects of different irrigation levels under pulsed and continuous management on the biological yield and water productivity of silage maize, an experiment in the form of split plot in completely randomized block... more
In order to evaluate the effects of different irrigation levels under pulsed and continuous management on the biological yield and water productivity of silage maize, an experiment in the form of split plot in completely randomized block design with three replications was performed in Varamin. The main factors included four irrigation levels of applying 120 Percent, 100 Percent, 80 Percent and 60 Percent (I 2 , I 1 , I 3 and I 4 , respectively) of maize water requirement and the sub-main factors included two pulsed (p) and continuous (c) irrigation management strategies. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the highest biological and fresh yields were obtained in PI 2 treatment equal to 26 and 86.67 (ton/ha) and the highest water productivity was obtained in PI 3 treatment equal to 6.72 kg / m 3. According to the results, in regions faced with water scarcity, application of deficit irrigation treatment with pulsed management (PI3) is recommended to save 20 Percent of water consumption. If there is no restriction in water availability, over-irrigation treatment under pulsed management (PI2) can be recommended to increase maize yield.
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In order to evaluate the effects of different irrigation levels under pulsed and continuous management on the biological yield and water productivity of silage maize, an experiment in the form of split plot in completely randomized block... more
In order to evaluate the effects of different irrigation levels under pulsed and continuous management on the biological yield and water productivity of silage maize, an experiment in the form of split plot in completely randomized block design with three replications was performed in Varamin. The main factors included four irrigation levels of applying 120 Percent, 100 Percent, 80 Percent and 60 Percent (I 2 , I 1 , I 3 and I 4 , respectively) of maize water requirement and the sub-main factors included two pulsed (p) and continuous (c) irrigation management strategies. The results of the statistical analysis showed that the highest biological and fresh yields were obtained in PI 2 treatment equal to 26 and 86.67 (ton/ha) and the highest water productivity was obtained in PI 3 treatment equal to 6.72 kg / m 3. According to the results, in regions faced with water scarcity, application of deficit irrigation treatment with pulsed management (PI3) is recommended to save 20 Percent of water consumption. If there is no restriction in water availability, over-irrigation treatment under pulsed management (PI2) can be recommended to increase maize yield.
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Mismanagement of shared water resources may lead to political instability, increasing the vulnerability of the social, environmental, and economic sectors, developing violent conflicts, and ultimately undermining human security. Due to... more
Mismanagement of shared water resources may lead to political instability, increasing the vulnerability of the social, environmental, and economic sectors, developing violent conflicts, and ultimately undermining human security. Due to its significance, various efforts and studies have been conducted to address water conflicts. "Blue peace" is one of the novel approaches that has been proposed to deal with water conflicts. The main goal of "blue peace" is to apply the potential of investing in shared water resources as a way to peacebuilding. The "blue peace" approach has recently been welcomed in West Asian countries for water conflicts management. Accordingly, a comprehensive understanding of the blue peace approach and its theoretical foundations is necessary to ensure the compatibility of these foundations with the conditions governing water subsystems and hydropolitical issues in the region. It has led to the formation of the present study. Accordingly, in this study, the application of this approach in international water relations and its place in water interactions in the Middle East has been investigated by using library resources and applying an analytical approach. The results reveal that the blue peace is a reductionist approach that does not pay attention to the hidden factors affecting the water conflicts and will not lead to effective dealing with these conflicts in general as well as water conflicts in the Middle East in particular.
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Improving the performance of water distribution systems in the agricultural sector is essential to increase arable crops production by considering surface water volume and energy consumption. Therefore, the main objective of the current... more
Improving the performance of water distribution systems in the agricultural sector is essential to increase arable crops production by considering surface water volume and energy consumption. Therefore, the main objective of the current research is to evaluate performance of practical alternatives in modernization projects in order to improve the performance of surface water distribution systems and to quantitatively evaluate their performance based on the water-food-energy nexus. The current operational management of the Rudasht Irrigation Network located in Isfahan, was simulated under normal and water shortage scenarios. Then the impact of two modernization methods including an improved manual operation and an automatic control system by using the Model Predictive Control (MPC) on the improvement of surface water distribution was investigated. In order to investigate the operational methods, eight indicators of surface water delivery, energy consumption, surface water productivity, food productivity, energy productivity, surface water economic productivity, energy economic productivity and food economic productivity were used. In the current status (Manual Method) under normal and water shortage scenarios, the values of water-food-energy nexus index were estimated 0.41 and 0.07, respectively. By improving the operational method to improved manual operation method, under normal and water shortage scenarios, the values of water-food-energy nexus index were estimated 0.46 and 0.09, respectively. The results of MPC method showed that this method has the best performance with 0.94 and 0.38 in normal and water shortage scenarios, respectively. The proposed evaluation approach can be used as an appropriate evaluation method to evaluate and prioritize modernization options of agricultural water distribution systems.
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In Iran's sustainability puzzle, the role of human time activities, specifically in agriculture, has long been overlooked. For this reason, we applied the MuSIASEM analytical tool on the Aras river basin, as a case study, in order to... more
In Iran's sustainability puzzle, the role of human time activities, specifically in agriculture, has long been overlooked. For this reason, we applied the MuSIASEM analytical tool on the Aras river basin, as a case study, in order to analyze its socio-ecological development during 2006-2016. Our results show the biophysical pressure both on water and energy pillars. Energy metabolic rate (EMR) and Water metabolic rate (WMR) both were shifted 34%, and 21% during the decade of analysis. The household and paid work sectors both have experienced an increase of 83% and 108% in their EMR and WMR, respectively. For assessing the underlying socioeconomic factor, we continued the analysis into the lower level compartments of the societal hierarchy. In the agriculture, industry, and service sectors, while there was a reduction of 28%, 36%, and 29% in human time investments, EMR and WMR were increased by 64%, 84 and 123 for energy, and 74% and 105% for water. We conclude the result by generating composite indicators in agriculture based on the concept of a metabolic processor. This shows that a crop like irrigated legume consumed 7 times more water, 9 times more land, 6 times more energy than fruits in one ton of their output. Also, legumes brought 37% more net added value with 5 times human time investment compared to fruits.
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The use of optimization-simulation tools is one of the effective approaches that can play a significant role in analyzing water resources management scenarios. In this study, using MODSIM water resources planning model, the effect of... more
The use of optimization-simulation tools is one of the effective approaches that can play a significant role in analyzing water resources management scenarios. In this study, using MODSIM water resources planning model, the effect of different management scenarios in water scarcity conditions on water allocation planning in Balekhlichai river catchment and also the water level of Ardabil plain aquifer was investigated. Calibration and validation of the model were performed by considering the surface flow hydrograph of the basin outlet and the aquifer hydrograph using the data of the statistical period 2000-2014. Then the return flow coefficients were estimated by trial and error. The values of root mean square error and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient in the calibration and validation period indicate the good performance of the model in simulating surface and groundwater flow and water balance components of catchment. After ensuring the accuracy of the model simulation, various management scenarios including population growth scenario (S), irrigation efficiency change (S1) and cultivation pattern and irrigation efficiency changes (S2) were examined. The results showed that under scenarios S, S1 and S2, the groundwater level drop will be equal to 8.41, 3.36 and 2.31 meters, respectively. Also, under scenarios S, S1 and S2, the percentage of agricultural demand supply in the Yamchi irrigation network from the reservoir will be equal to 38, 43 and 48 percent, respectively. Therefore, by applying water resources management scenarios, it is possible to prevent a sharp drop in the water level of the Ardabil plain aquifer in the future years and take an effective step in balancing groundwater.
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Increasing water consumption along with the arid climate of Iran, has caused increasing pressure on groundwater resources and has made attention to strategic planning of water resources as a necessity. In this research, the strategic... more
Increasing water consumption along with the arid climate of Iran, has caused increasing pressure on groundwater resources and has made attention to strategic planning of water resources as a necessity. In this research, the strategic planning process of Esfarayen plain aquifer, which is one of the plains of the central desert basin of Iran, has been studied. For this purpose, a SWOT analysis was performed for the plain and its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats were identified. These factors were systematically analyzed using Buckley Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and based on this analysis, the prior type of strategies were proposed. In SWOT analysis, five factors were identified for each group of strengths and weaknesses and seven factors were identified for each group of opportunities and threats. The results of systematic analysis of SWOT factors showed that the share of two groups of opportunities and weaknesses in higher priority factors was more than the two groups of strengths and threats, so that the share of opportunities, weaknesses, threats and strengths in the first half of the list of factors was 71, 60, 43 and 20 percent of the factors in these groups, respectively. Therefore, it is suggested that in selecting appropriate strategies for the future of groundwater in Esfarayen plain, priority should be given to WO strategies. Strategies that try to improve and eliminate weaknesses within the system by using the opportunities available in the external environment.
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Research on flood predicting models is one of the first steps in reducing flood damage and managing future floods in catchments. The aim of this study was to evaluate flood susceptibility in Birjand plain catchment through four machine... more
Research on flood predicting models is one of the first steps in reducing flood damage and managing future floods in catchments. The aim of this study was to evaluate flood susceptibility in Birjand plain catchment through four machine learning models including support vector machine (SVM), J48 decision tree, random forest (RF) and Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Therefore, in order to implement and validate the mentioned models, a list of flood-prone areas in the study area was prepared (42 flood-prone locations). In addition, 19 hydrogeological, topographical, geological and environmental criteria affecting flood occurrence in the study area were extracted to be used to predict flood susceptibility map. The results showed that the highest accuracy was related to the RF model (0.845) and the lowest accuracy was related to the SVM model (0.791). In addition, the validation of the results using the ROC curve showed that the most accurate values of flood susceptibility belong to the RF model (AUC = 0.958). The results of this study can be used to manage vulnerable areas and reduce flood damage.
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Khoy plain is one of the main industrial and agricultural centers in West Azerbaijan province that the water requirement for agriculture, industry and drinking water is generally supplied by groundwater. Therefore, the quality of... more
Khoy plain is one of the main industrial and agricultural centers in West Azerbaijan province that the water requirement for agriculture, industry and drinking water is generally supplied by groundwater. Therefore, the quality of available water seems very important in this area. Groundwater quality is generally dependent on hydrogeochemical processes that regnant the water resources system. For this purpose, in order to better understand the hydrochemical processes in Khoy plain aquifer, graphical and multi-variable statistical methods were used to interpret the results obtained from the analysis of 54 samples taken in September 2016 from groundwater resources. The results of the Piper diagram and the expanded Durov diagram shows that the groundwater type in the region is mostly calcium and magnesium carbonate, sodium chloride and the mixed type. In hierarchical cluster analysis, the samples are placed in two main clusters and five sub-clusters. The Stiff graphs identified eight general groups with saline, calcareous, basaltic, igneous and calcareous composition, Saline shale composition, shale and lime composition (Marne) and mixed type. The results of the factor analysis method suggested a three-component model for the data. In the first component, sodium, chloride, sulfate, bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium were interdependent; in the second component, nitrate and arsenic were linked; while in the third component, iron was partially related to the others. The first and third factors have geogenic sources and the second factor shows both geogenic and anthropogenic sources for groundwater contaminants.
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Limited water resources and low productivity of water consumption in the agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water, necessitate the improvement of the performance of irrigation networks. One of the necessary measures to do... more
Limited water resources and low productivity of water consumption in the agricultural sector, as the largest consumer of water, necessitate the improvement of the performance of irrigation networks. One of the necessary measures to do this is to use a systematic and comprehensive approach to evaluate and improve the performance of irrigation systems. The MASSCOTE approach is a comprehensive approach to modernizing medium to large-scale irrigation systems in terms of improving water delivery performance. MASSCOTE helps evaluate and prepare modernization programs in a step-by-step manner. In this research, the performance and improvement of Gotvand irrigation network was evaluated using the MASSCOTE approach. Based on the obtained results, the participation of users and the integration of their opinions and logical demands in the management of Gotvand Irrigation and Drainage Network, can be the solution to many network problems. Establishment of water utilities will reduce the problems associated with water abstraction violations, and make it easier for users to access and regulate their contracts. Modifying the conventional method of water distribution and replacing it with the volumetric distribution method creates a good capacity to reduce water losses and improve productivity in the network. Also, according to the calculations, the incoming water, leakage and drainage of the network are 1209.5, 113.2 and 771 million cubic meters, respectively. Therefore, based on the network water balance, the evapotranspiration rate of crops was estimated at 325 million cubic meters and then the net irrigation requirement was calculated using meteorological information, 389 million cubic meters, which is 64 million cubic meters less than the evapotranspiration rate. According to the results of MASSCOTE in order to improve the network performance, calculate the water balance and water requirement of crops, it is recommended to change the cultivation pattern and improve irrigation methods.
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Drip irrigation systems are a proper technique to supply water for plants in the root zone. The management of this method relies on the science of water distribution in the volume of wet soil. Simulation models can be used to obtain this... more
Drip irrigation systems are a proper technique to supply water for plants in the root zone. The management of this method relies on the science of water distribution in the volume of wet soil. Simulation models can be used to obtain this valuable knowledge. In this study, simulation of sand column in the root zone of apple tree under drip irrigation system was done to determine the optimal depth of the sand column in three various soil textures to investigate how water is uptake by the roots, water consumption, evaporation rate and deep penetration using the HYDRUS-2D model was examined. The results of this study showed that in the loam soil texture when the depth of the sand column is in the range of 10-15 cm and in the silty loam soil texture of the sand column to a depth of 5 to 10 cm, the rate of infiltration, water consumption and evaporation will be significantly less than the maximum so that the rate of deep penetration in the silty loam soil texture has decreased by 55% and in the loam soil texture by 35% compared to the maximum state. and finally, the studied scenarios showed that in sandy loam soil texture, due to the lightness of soil texture, the use of sand columns will not create an improving situation.
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The application of modeling is an appropriate alternative for field experiments that save time and cost. SALTMED is a generic model for modeling plants response to water and salinity stress. This study was done to evaluate the performance... more
The application of modeling is an appropriate alternative for field experiments that save time and cost. SALTMED is a generic model for modeling plants response to water and salinity stress. This study was done to evaluate the performance of SALTMED model for wheat plant in an arid area in Birjand, South Khorasan Province. The treatments include water stress (50, 75, 100 and 120 percent of water requirement) and salinity stress (1.4, 4.5 and 9.6 dS/m) in three replications. The statistical indices of measured and predicted yield showed the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) less than 10 percent and the coefficient of determination (R 2) equal to 0.99 and 0.96 for model calibration and validation, respectively. The model could also simulate the temporal variation of evapotranspiration and soil salinity profile during the growing season accurately. Therefore, according to the results, SALTMED is an accurate model to predict the yield and plant reactions of wheat under different water and salinity stress levels in the arid areas.
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Water resources are one of the essential natural resources of human life and are one of the most important factors limiting the natural environment, the survival of human societies, and development. On the other hand, phenomena such as... more
Water resources are one of the essential natural resources of human life and are one of the most important factors limiting the natural environment, the survival of human societies, and development. On the other hand, phenomena such as climate fluctuations, climate change, population growth, mismanagement, etc. have led to a sharp increase in water resource constraints. In this regard, a proper estimation of this resource is required in the context of sustainable development planning and management strategies. The new approaches in this area are to determine the water resources carrying capacity (WRCC). WRCC is a major component of resource and environmental studies and it is a management concept aimed at supporting sustainable socioeconomic development on a regional scale and catchment areas. Failure to pay attention to concepts such as the carrying capacity in the country's planning has led to the ineffectiveness of most programs. For this purpose, in the present study, it has been tried to use the simulation-optimization approach to determine the water resources carrying capacity in a pilot basin (Tashk-Bakhtegan Basin), considering the economic, environmental and Water resources in the historical periods (1985-2014) and terms of climate change (2045-2015) should be considered. In this regard, the Water and Soil Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Genetic Algorithm are used. For this purpose, the outputs of three general circulation atmosphere models under RCP 2.6, 4.5, 8.5 scenarios have been used to assess climate change in this study. The results of the study indicate overloading of water resources due to increased crop area in all studied periods. Also, the water resources carrying capacity due to climate fluctuations and climate change in the examined period (1985 - 2045) has been declining, and from 2.6 billion cubic meters in the period (1985-2006) to 1.9 billion cubic meters. The most pessimistic climatic conditions are reduced.
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Climate change has many impacts on all environmental processes and society. In this study, three models selected from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) including ACCESS-CM2, HadGEM3-GC31-LL, and NESM3 are validated.... more
Climate change has many impacts on all environmental processes and society. In this study, three models selected from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) including ACCESS-CM2, HadGEM3-GC31-LL, and NESM3 are validated. The best model (i.e. ACCESS-CM2) is selected to simulate the climatic parameters of the Sari Station using the latest emission scenarios called "shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP)." The LARS-WG is adopted for downscaling, and two emission scenarios SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 are used for two periods 2041-2060 and 2081-2100, respectively. Several statistical tests are conducted including F-test, T-student, Kolomogrov-Smirnov, coefficient of determination (R 2), and root mean square error (RMSE) to validate the LARS-WG model. The verification results indicate the efficiency of the LARS-WG model. The Man-Kendal and Sen's slope tests are adopted to determine the trend of climatic observational parameters. In general, the results show that the average temperature change increases in the range of 1.16-4.09 °C and also the average annual rainfall increases by 24-36 percent. The Sen's slope results in terms of maximum and minimum temperatures show an ascending trend in this parameter, but it is descending in the rainfall. Since long-term climate change is one of the factors affecting groundwater and surface resources, it is necessary to develop proper management strategies for the future, preserving ecosystems, and adapting humans to these changes.
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Controlling structures in irrigation canals to accurately deliver and distribute the water, and to keep it needs the appropriate control techniques. Sarsa reinforcement learning, as a branch of artificial intelligence, has recently been... more
Controlling structures in irrigation canals to accurately deliver and distribute the water, and to keep it needs the appropriate control techniques. Sarsa reinforcement learning, as a branch of artificial intelligence, has recently been used to control the structures and improve water delivery and distribution in irrigation canals. To improve Sarsa efficiency and reduce the required time of operational pattern learning, the Sarsa algorithm in E1R1 canal was developed and linked to a non-linear model of the canal to learn the operational pattern of one reach of the canal and apply the results to the other reaches. Operational scenarios were defined in this regard, and standard performance indicators was used for assessment. The results showed that Sarsa can be used successfully with the proposed idea, maintaining water depth within a dead band of 5 percent in the learning step and that of 10 percent while utilizing the learning results. The efficiency and adequacy indicators were close to the desired value.
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In recent years, due to drought in the country, the issue of managing existing water resources is extremely important, and this attention is increasingly to the management of reservoirs and forecasting the volume of water in order to... more
In recent years, due to drought in the country, the issue of managing existing water resources is extremely important, and this attention is increasingly to the management of reservoirs and forecasting the volume of water in order to provide appropriate exploitation policies. Proper forecasting of water flows and reservoir inventories leads to the use of control curves for the optimal use of dams and reservoir systems. This issue is of great importance in our country, so with accurate forecasts and selection of appropriate policies, a good decision can be made in the event of surface currents such as floods in the riverbed. In this paper, due to the importance of the subject, a model based on deep learning and Mann-Kendall experimental test was used to estimate the flood rate in the Kan-Sulqan area. The results showed that the monthly difference in regional flood prediction for convolution neural network (CNN1) was 0.00654 and for Men Kendall method was 0.19532. Also, the errors of 2MSE, 3RMSE, MAPE4 and MPE5 for the neural network were equal to 0.0019, 0.0439, 0.0239, and 0.0159, respectively, which shows the high accuracy of this method in estimating the flood rate in the region.
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One of the appropriate tools to understand the state of development in groundwater resources is to use the concept of vulnerability of groundwater resources. From a theoretical point of view, the concept of aquifer vulnerability is based... more
One of the appropriate tools to understand the state of development in groundwater resources is to use the concept of vulnerability of groundwater resources. From a theoretical point of view, the concept of aquifer vulnerability is based on two types of special vulnerability and intrinsic vulnerability, which is defined based on hydrogeological characteristics and aquifer pollution. In this study, to assess the vulnerability of Sarkhoon aquifer in Hormozgan province, the Drastic vulnerability index was used to assess the inherent vulnerability and the GQI quality index was used to assess the specific vulnerability of the aquifer. The results of aquifer vulnerability classification showed that the intrinsic vulnerability index in the southern part of the aquifer has a high vulnerability and most of the aquifer range is in the medium vulnerability class. On the other hand, based on quality parameters in wells in the region, GQI index was measured and analyzed. The weighting of this index showed that the TDS parameter is the most important in groundwater resources. Qualitative zoning at the level of the Sarkhon aquifer indicates a decrease in the index and another expression is an increase in the concentration of solutes in the central parts and the outlet of the aquifer. Finally, by normalizing the two indicators of intrinsic aquifer vulnerability and special vulnerability, the Sarkhon aquifer vulnerability index was evaluated and calculated. Vulnerability index estimation showed that the level of vulnerability has increased in the aquifer outlet and this is also consistent with groundwater flow. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the total vulnerability index, the correlation of this index with nitrate concentration was used, which the results indicate a statistical accuracy of 72%.
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Due to limited water resources in Iran, the optimal use of water resources and improvement of water use efficiency is necessary, especially in agriculture. In current work, cropping pattern optimization was carried out in Mehran Plain of... more
Due to limited water resources in Iran, the optimal use of water resources and improvement of water use efficiency is necessary, especially in agriculture. In current work, cropping pattern optimization was carried out in Mehran Plain of Ilam Province based on water resources, cultivated area and biodiversity constraints using genetic algorithm. The optimization model was applied to three different scenarios based on a combination of different constraints. The results showed that the cropping pattern in 2016-17 was not optimal and the biodiversity index was low. The resulting profit and biodiversity in all scenarios are higher than the current situation in Mehran plain. The amount of profit increase in combinations one, two and three is 70, 101 and 132% higher than the profit of the existing cropping pattern, respectively, and in terms of biodiversity, the Shannon-Wiener criterion is more than twice as high as the Shannon-Wiener criterion in the existing simple cropping pattern in all scenarios. Wheat, canola, sesame and okra are strongly represented in most optimal cropping patterns. Wheat has the largest acreage and tomato and alfalfa and corn have the least acreage due to the low profit and high water consumption of these products. Crops such as corn, sesame, okra and cucumber are strongly represented in the optimal cropping patterns and can be used as alternatives to the current crops to increase agricultural profits.
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Sediment grains size have always been considered as one of the crucial issues in the case of sediment dynamics. This seems necessary as it significantly affects sediment transport, bed roughness, and river environmental conditions. Since... more
Sediment grains size have always been considered as one of the crucial issues in the case of sediment dynamics. This seems necessary as it significantly affects sediment transport, bed roughness, and river environmental conditions. Since the geometric factors and characteristics of hydraulic flow in river bends are very complex, the analysis of sediment grain size distribution becoming an essential issue in bends that has been studied less so far. In this research, the distribution of the sizes of sediment grains in natural river bends having gravel beds was taken into consideration using field data. To achieve such a goal, 180 sedimentary samples from upper layers and other hydraulic flow parameters, including the velocity and depth of the flow and the characteristics of geometric beds, were gathered from nine different river bends. After determining the grain sizes of the sediments in the laboratory and calculating other required parameters, the P-Buckingham theory was applied to identify both the effective non-dimensional parameters and the characteristic equation. Then, the Generalized Additive Model (GAM) was used to determine the relationship between variables. Also, to avoid errors in the results, variables with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.5 and a probability value (p-value) greater than 0.05 were removed from the modeling process. Finally, a mathematical model for the distribution of sediment particle sizes based on the geometric parameters of the bends and the flow characteristics was developed. The obtained equation, with a coefficient of determination (R^2) equal to 0.76, shows that Froude Number (F_r), Shields parameter (θ_Shields), and the proportion of curvature radius to the top width section (R_c/T) affect on the median sizes of sediments in the gravel river bends.
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Application of compounds that improve soil moisture retention capacity is one of the strategies to increase water use efficiency in agriculture and solve the problem of water shortage. In many sources, several positive aspects of organic... more
Application of compounds that improve soil moisture retention capacity is one of the strategies to increase water use efficiency in agriculture and solve the problem of water shortage. In many sources, several positive aspects of organic matter application such as biochar as soil modifier and moisture retention capacity improvement have been noted. Biochar is a carbon-rich porous compound produced by pyrolysis of natural organic matter. In the present study, 0% biochar (B1), 2.5% biochar (B2), 5% biochar (B3) and 7.5% biochar (B4), 2.5% wheat straw (W1) and 5% straw (W2) were added to soil with clay loam (S1) texture and sandy loam soil (S2). This pot experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design in three replications and in greenhouse. Biochar application increased water productivity in S1B4 and S2B4 treatments by 138% and 128%, respectively. Straw had a negative effect on agronomic yield and water productivity, so that biological yield in clay loam and sandy loam soil decreased by 82% and 73%, respectively. Water productivity decreased by 41% and 25% in S1W1 and S2W1 treatments. These reductions were statistically significant (P<0.01) and were exacerbated by increased straw in both soil types. The present study showed that biochar application can be a way to improve yield and, consequently, water productivity in agriculture.
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Rivers are one of the most important natural water resources in the world. Pollution transport modeling in rivers is performed by the partial advection-dispersion-reaction equation (ADRE). In the present study, using the Laplace... more
Rivers are one of the most important natural water resources in the world. Pollution transport modeling in rivers is performed by the partial advection-dispersion-reaction equation (ADRE). In the present study, using the Laplace transform, which is a powerful and useful tool in solving differential equations, the analytical solution of the ADRE equation was obtained in a finite domain with variable coefficients for the upstream and downstream Dirichlet boundary conditions and the initial zero condition in the river. To use the analytical solution in this study, three examples are presented, each of which, the river are divided into two, four, and eight parts, which, while the parameters of flow, pollution, and river geometry are variable in all three examples, for each of the examples, the accuracy of the analytical solution available when the segmentation of the intervals increases as compared to the numerical solution. By specifying the matrices of velocity, dispersion coefficient, cross-section, etc. as input to the problem, the diffusion matrix is calculated and, consequently, a complex system of equations is created that doubles the complexity of the work. The amount of pollutant concentration is calculated by solving the system of the above equations. The numerical solution is used to validate the existing analytical solution, the results showed that the greater the number of river divisions, the higher the accuracy of the solution, and the two analytical and numerical solutions will be well compatible with each other. Given the ability and performance of the existing analytical solution, it can be acknowledged that the analytical solution in this study can be used as a tool to validate and verification numerical solutions and other analytical solutions for the coefficients of the equation.
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Maize is one of the most important field crops in the world and Maize production with a cultivated area of about 350000 hectares and an average grain yield of 3.5 ton. ha-1 is very important and common in Iran. The purpose of this study... more
Maize is one of the most important field crops in the world and Maize production with a cultivated area of about 350000 hectares and an average grain yield of 3.5 ton. ha-1 is very important and common in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of water and nitrogen on maize biomass, grain yield, irrigation water productivity and nitrogen productivity and finding the best irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer practices for producing Maize. Maize (SC. 704) was planted in 2018 as three irrigation treatments (I1, I2 and I3 to provide 100, 75 and 50 percent of crop evapotranspiration respectively) and four nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, N3 and N4 to provide 200, 125, 50 and zero kg of nitrogen per hectare in total, respectively) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed a significant effect of irrigation, nitrogen and their interaction effects on maize biomass and grain yield. Maximum maize biomass and grain yield were 23.02 ton. ha-1 and 12.78 kg. ha-1 for full irrigation treatment with 200 kg. ha-1 nitrogen (I1N1) treatment, respectively. Maximum irrigation water productivity for maize biomass and grain yield were 4.93 and 2.7 kg. m-3 for I2N1 and minimum irrigation water productivity for maize biomass and grain yield were 3.37 and 1.77 kg. m-3 for I1N4 treatments, respectively.
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Iran is located in the arid and semi-arid area and it is very necessary to assess the conditions of rainfed farming of strategic plants. In order to assessment of wheat and barley yield under rainfed climatic conditions collected data... more
Iran is located in the arid and semi-arid area and it is very necessary to assess the conditions of rainfed farming of strategic plants. In order to assessment of wheat and barley yield under rainfed climatic conditions collected data from 44 stations were studied during the period of 1981-2020 (40 years). Weather data after spatial interpolation between stations and converting to daily values were used as inputs of a multiple regression model for estimating wheat and barley yield. In this study, Iran was divided into six coastal wet, mountain, semi mountain, semi desert, desert and, coastal desert. The results showed that the highest and lowest annual rainfall was observed in stations Bandar Anzali (1748 mm y-1) and Zabol (57.7 mm y-1), respectively. The greatest and lowest decrease in rainfall occurred in Bandar-Anzali station (gradient 5.8 percent) and, in Kermanshah station (gradient -0.8 percent) respectively. Only 11.36 percent of the stations were in good condition and, in other stations were in a critical situation (88.64 percent). The results of this study showed that the coefficient of determination of predicted yield for rainfed wheat in humid climates was more accurate than in other climates (R2=0.83). The lowest coefficient of determination predicted yield was obtained for rain-fed wheat (R2=0.71) and rain-fed barley (R2=0.53) in desert climates.
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Water accounting is one of the important approaches to formulate the water cycle and quantitative changes in various dimensions. Therefore, a framework that can quantify the hydrological cycle as standard, as well as a framework that... more
Water accounting is one of the important approaches to formulate the water cycle and quantitative changes in various dimensions. Therefore, a framework that can quantify the hydrological cycle as standard, as well as a framework that estimates the hydrological processes of the basin in such a way that managed and manageable flows include land use interaction are essential. WA + framework as one of the water accounting methods using remote sensing analyzes the various parameters at the level of a basin. The aim of this study was to analyze the parameters of the hydro-climatological balance using the WA + framework to calculate the three sheets of resource base, evapotranspiration and withdrawal of water resources. According to the volume of 604 MCM inflow, it was determined that 465.5 MCM is used for evapotranspiration and according to the return flow of the basin, 38.8 MCM is used for infiltration and 59.7 MCM is used for runoff in the region. The results obtained from the hydro-climatological balance using the WA + framework showed that due to the same consideration of precipitation, the rate of evapotranspiration in this framework increases compared to the computational method and constitutes about 74 percent of the output volume of the balance. The amount of infiltration and runoff obtained in these conditions is less than the computational method. The results obtained from the water accounting framework showed that this approach can reduce the uncertainty of the input parameters to the hydro-climatology balance.
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Irregular development of agricultural areas, crops planting with high water need in the Urmia Lake Basin and also low irrigation efficiency have caused a significant reduction in the lake surface in recent years, so estimating water... more
Irregular development of agricultural areas, crops planting with high water need in the Urmia Lake Basin and also low irrigation efficiency have caused a significant reduction in the lake surface in recent years, so estimating water consumption in agriculture can be efficient in both accurate agriculture management and water resources management. In this context, by using METRIC algorithm and Landsat 8 and MODIS satellite images, the actual evapotranspiration have been estimated for a part of the Urmia Lake basin - Hasanlu dam downstream - in the year 2015 and 2016. Therefore, by considering the percipitation at Naghadeh station as the representative of percipitation in the study area, the valoum of irrigation water used in the agricultural area downstream of Hasanlu Dam was estimated. Then, the valoum of water allocated to this dam and estimation water volume was compared to the WaPOR product. The estimated values for Landsat 8 are 468 and 315 mm and for MODIS, 240 and 208 mm for 2015 and 2016, respectively. The estimated usage of the METRIC algorithm is significantly different from the allocated values and the WaPOR system. The estimated values are far higher than the ground statistics and the WaPOR system for nearly all months of the two years. The difference between METRIC and ground statistics and WaPOR product in the study area is calculated equal 23 and 26.6 million cubic meters, respectively.
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Poor management of agricultural waste is one of the sources of water pollution. In this study, the surface water quality of Jiroft Dam watershed was modeled using the QSWAT model. The study area is located at the upstream of Jiroft Dam... more
Poor management of agricultural waste is one of the sources of water pollution. In this study, the surface water quality of Jiroft Dam watershed was modeled using the QSWAT model. The study area is located at the upstream of Jiroft Dam watershed with the total area of 783446.81 hectares in Kerman province. The rainfall-runoff model was simulated over the 21 years from 2000 to 2020 for a monthly time step. Data from Konaroye hydrometric station was used as observed flow data. The meteorological data was collected from Baft synoptic station. The model was calibrated and validated using the SUFI-2 automated algorithm in SWAT-CUP software for periods (2011-2019) and (2008-2010), respectively. The final results of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficients from calibration and validation processes obtained 0.79, 0.77, 0.81 and 0.82, respectively. Sensitivity analysis was performed for 12 calibration parameters. The results show that base-flow alpha factor is the most sensitive parameter. After modeling of the flow rates in watershed, in next step surface water quality was modeled in QSWAT by considering Urea as fertilizer which is mostly used on the area under cultivation of Jiroft Dam watershed. The results for Nitrate load show that model prediction is in good agreement with the experimental data. The results of this study show that QSWAT model can be used as an effective and efficient method in order to predict surface water quality and managing of water resources.
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The Inter-basin water transfer is one of the ways to deal with water shortage. However, in some cases, this solution has more destructive effects than its benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to fully identify the potential damages of... more
The Inter-basin water transfer is one of the ways to deal with water shortage. However, in some cases, this solution has more destructive effects than its benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to fully identify the potential damages of inter-basin water transfer projects, so that they can be prevented in future plans. Iran is one of the leading countries in inter-basin water transfer projects and so far, 10 projects are under operation and 19 more are on the agenda. The main purpose of this research study is to identify the damages of projects in operation in Iran. To achieve this aim, all information related to the in-operation projects were collected and extracted involving descriptive-analytical approach, from literature resources, news and interviews. A total of 20 damages were identified as a result of the investigations. Due to the different nature of these damages, after identification, they were classified into four areas including, environmental, economic, political and social. According to the results, there were only 10 damages in the research literature, which means that the literature is incomplete in relation to the damages of inter-basin water transfer projects. It is recommended that the results of this research be used in the study of future plans.
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After about six decades of widespread government interventions, the effects of these measures on the current mechanisms of the water resources management system are undesirable and in some cases, irreversible. Therefore, in recent years,... more
After about six decades of widespread government interventions, the effects of these measures on the current mechanisms of the water resources management system are undesirable and in some cases, irreversible. Therefore, in recent years, there has been a shift from the focus on the state to a concept of governance, as a system of power distribution, participation, and the use of all social capacities to advance public affairs. One of the frameworks in this regard is the Institutional Analysis and Development framework (IAD), established by Strom. This study, used the IAD framework to evaluate the water resources management system in the irrigation and drainage network of the Sahand dam downstream. The required information was collected through valid documents, observation and interviewing 25 people, including users, managers of water cooperatives and experts of related government organizations. The information obtained through interviews as well as the available documents were analyzed by content analysis method and the results were interpreted in the form of IAD framework. Findings show that due to the subsistence of agriculture in the study area and strong dependence on water resources, free riding in the area interests many; Moreover, inefficient monitoring, and the lack of a proportionate and deterrent punishment mechanism, increase the motivation for infringement. The attraction of the free riding and increasing the motivation to commit violations has weakened the performance of the water resources system of the Sahand Dam downstream network in order to achieve collective action. Accordingly, empowering the local community and water cooperatives in terms of legal power and legitimizing their presence and activities, the participation of the local community in policy decisions to increase the enforceability of policies and Increasing the sense of responsibility in the local community, reforming the laws in the areas of supervision, and deterrent punishment of violators can be considered as policy recommendations of the present study.
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Population growth and the development of agriculture and industry have led to a significant reduction in groundwater resources. According to this issue, one of the useful and effective solutions for the optimal operation of aquifers is... more
Population growth and the development of agriculture and industry have led to a significant reduction in groundwater resources. According to this issue, one of the useful and effective solutions for the optimal operation of aquifers is the implementation of artificial feeding systems. In this research, using mathematical model (HEC-HMS), flood routing in Karaj river and artificial feeding system reservoirs was performed. In this study, Considering to the mathematical model (HEC-HMS), flood routing was performed in Karaj river and artificial recharge system reservoirs. Then the storage volume in the artificial recharge system reservoirs was simulated by an artificial neural network and finally entered into a multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). Multi-objective genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) was used for optimal utilization of the artificial recharge system , Considering to the optimal groundwater level changes. Based on the results, the total volume of optimal recharge in the desired time period by the artificial recharge system is equal to 97.94 million cubic meters and also optimal groundwater level changes have increased by 2.62 meters. Therefore, by allocating the optimal volume of the Bilqan diversion dam to the artificial recharge system, the optimal recharge volume and also optimal groundwater level changes in the desired time period have increased compared to the current conditions. considering that the optimal recharge volume and optimal groundwater level changes are proportional to each other, this performance will improve the aquifer conditions.
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One of the most important economic tools in promoting the agricultural sector is the optimal use of inputs, especially water inputs. Water scarcity and the high costs of providing it have made increasing the efficiency and value of water... more
One of the most important economic tools in promoting the agricultural sector is the optimal use of inputs, especially water inputs. Water scarcity and the high costs of providing it have made increasing the efficiency and value of water consumption one of the most important national goals. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the water use efficiency in the country's agriculture sub-sector. For this purpose, the non-parametric stochastic data model (StoNED) has been used. The research data include gross crop production, water consumption, labor and intermediate inputs in the agricultural sub-sector of 30 provinces of the country during the years 2005-2015, which has been collected from the website of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. Based on the results, the average efficiency of total production inputs in the agricultural sub-sector was equal to 93.36 percent and the average efficiency of irrigation water during the period under study in this sub-sector was equal to 83.02 percent (periodic average). Irrigation water efficiency in all years under study was less than the efficiency of total production inputs. Therefore, due to the low efficiency of water input consumption compared to other used inputs, it is suggested that extension courses be held to inform farmers in the field of correct and optimal use of water input. Also, the results of this study have shown that the average water efficiency of the provinces in the agricultural sub-sector has been equal to 83.14 percent (cross-sectional average) that the provinces of Gilan and Qom have the highest (87.76 percent) and the lowest (81.85 percent), respectively. Therefore, in order to improve water use efficiency, it is suggested that in the cultivation planning of provinces with low water efficiency, including Qom, Ilam, South Khorasan, Ardabil, Hormozgan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Bushehr, Kurdistan, Semnan and North Khorasan, Take actions such as Improving the irrigation system of crops and modifying the cultivation pattern towards cultivating low-water crops and optimizing it.
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Long-term studies of the effects of the use of irrigation systems, in addition to being time consuming, impose high costs on the researcher. On the other hand, environmental and non-uniform changes in long-term data collection can affect... more
Long-term studies of the effects of the use of irrigation systems, in addition to being time consuming, impose high costs on the researcher. On the other hand, environmental and non-uniform changes in long-term data collection can affect the accuracy of the experiment. The use of numerical models and long-term experimental simulations based on calibrated parameters for a short-term experiment can be an effective aid in such research. In this study, the main purpose was to simulate the long-term effect of surface and subsurface strip irrigation on salt accumulation in soil profiles using the HYDRUS-2D model. Firstly, the model was calibrated using volumetric moisture data and measured electrical conductivity, Then, to ensure that the model provides logical results, the model was validated using data that were not used in the calibration step. The RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) and NRMSE (Normalized Root Mean Square Error) statistical indices were used to assess the validity of the model. The results of ten years of simulation for surface irrigation showed that the electrical conductivity of soil layers increased on average from 1 dS / m to 9 dS / m. Also, the EC of soil layers for the subsurface system has increased from 0.73 dS / m to 5.5 dS / m on average over five years. Due to the lack of effective leaching for both systems, accumulated salt is much more at soil surface and decreasing by depth. Based on the results, soil leaching at out-season time is necessary and salt removing from root zone is highly recommended to preserve salinity balance and sustainability in farming.
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This study investigated the effect of Phragmites australis in constructed wetlands for removing copper, lead, zinc and cadmium and different concentrations of COD. In order to study various parameters such as pH, initial concentrations of... more
This study investigated the effect of Phragmites australis in constructed wetlands for removing copper, lead, zinc and cadmium and different concentrations of COD. In order to study various parameters such as pH, initial concentrations of COD (120, 500 and 1000 mg / l) and initial concentrations of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium (2, 10 and 30 mg / l). PVC pipes with an inner diameter of 16 cm and a height of 70 cm were made as columns to simulate the performance of constructed wetlands. For evaluating these parameters, Effluent wastewater samples were calculated according to the hydraulic retention time (3 days) from the outlet of the column. The results showed that the biomass of the roots of wetland plants had a positive effect on the removal efficiency. In addition, the results of pH evaluation showed that the amount of pH was decreased with increasing of zinc, cadmium, copper and lead′s concentrations. Moreover, according to the results, the maximum COD removal efficiency (17.25%) was occurred in 500 mg/l. The results of pollutant removal efficiency showed that with increasing the concentration of pollutants from 2 mg/l to 10 mg/l, the removal efficiency was increased, then with increase of initial concentrations of heavy metals to 30 mg/l it was decreased. The highest removal efficiencies of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium ions in 90 minutes were 63.84%, 60.77%, 59.14% and 57.71%, respectively. According to the results, the presence of Phragmites australis and use of constructed wetland systems with sandy bed showed a positive effect on the removal efficiency of copper, lead, zinc and cadmium, but was not effective on COD removal efficiency.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of climate change on the inflow of Maroon Dam using the SWAT model under two climatic scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the next three twenty-year periods. Flow data measured at Idnak... more
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of climate change on the inflow of Maroon Dam using the SWAT model under two climatic scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the next three twenty-year periods. Flow data measured at Idnak and Tang-e-Takab stations were used to calibrate and validate the model. The Nash-Sutcliffe index of Idnak station was equal to 0.69 and 0.65 and Tang-e-Takab station of Behbahan was equal to 0.67 and 0.59 in the calibration and validation stages. The highest temperature increase will be in the final period and under the RCP8.5 climate scenario. To simulate the flow in future periods, precipitation and air temperature under the two scenarios were micro-scaled using the LARS-WG model and by entering the data into the SWAT model, the inflow to the dam was simulated for the next three periods. The results of forecasting the inflow to the dam showed that although the amount of rainfall in the area has increased, but increasing the temperature in this basin will have a greater effect and efficiency in reducing the amount of flow. The highest decrease in the average inflow to the Maroon Dam in the near future is in the middle scenario of RCP4.5 with 21.91 and 26 percent and in the pessimistic scenario of RCP8.5 with 19 and 22.36 percent in February and March respectively. As a result, the maximum reduction of the inflow to the Maroon Dam compared to the baseline conditions is in the RCP4.5 release scenarios.
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Nonlinear weirs are among the hydraulic structures that, despite their great importance and application, so far, no general method for estimating their discharge capacity has been accomplished. Laboratory or numerical modelling is... more
Nonlinear weirs are among the hydraulic structures that, despite their great importance and application, so far, no general method for estimating their discharge capacity has been accomplished. Laboratory or numerical modelling is commonly used to achieve nonlinear weir discharge capacity. It should be noted that employing the design equation from one geometric family of nonlinear weirs to another is impractical. The utilization of numerical or laboratory models in the preliminary stages of the design of these structures is a time and cost-consuming process, which is highlighted by the variety of nonlinear weir geometry. In this research, a general method for estimating the nonlinear weirs discharge capacity is presented. The proposed method analyzes nonlinear weir discharge capacity using energy and discharge equations for discretized solution fields. Furthermore, the local submergence in nonlinear weirs, which has a tangible effect on their discharge capacity, has been corrected. Results of laboratory models performed on the oblique weir, arced labyrinth weir, and Isabella dam weir have been used to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method. The proposed method with high correlation and accuracy has estimated the discharge capacity of these weirs. The maximum error observed was 12 percent for the oblique weir,15 percent for the arced labyrinth weir, and 15 percent for the Isabella Dam weir.
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River flow is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle, which depends on several climatic factors and its accurate estimation is used in various fields of water resources management. Therefore, in the present study,... more
River flow is one of the most important components of the hydrological cycle, which depends on several climatic factors and its accurate estimation is used in various fields of water resources management. Therefore, in the present study, random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) models were used to predict the monthly streamflow of the Maroon River in the period of 1981- 2017. One of the important steps in the application of artificial intelligence models is the definition of input patterns and determining the effective variables in the modeling process. The Shannon entropy method was used to select the most efficient inputs among precipitation, evaporation, and minimum, maximum, and average temperatures. The results showed that the total weight of precipitation and evaporation was more than 85 percent. In the next step, three different structures were developed for modeling. In the first case, climate-based patterns were defined that used meteorological data as input. In the second case, nonlinear periodicity was added to the climate-based patterns, and in the third case, the climate-based input data were decomposed using five mother wavelet functions, and W-RF and W-SVM hybrid models were created. The performance evaluation of the standalone RF and SVM models showed that by considering the periodic term, the accuracy is somewhat increased compared to the climate-based inputs, but the analysis of the data with wavelet theory significantly reduced the modeling error. In the meantime, the performance of the two models W-RF and W-SVM was very close to each other, but according to the violin plot, the W-SVM model is suggested as the most suitable option for predicting the monthly streamflow of the Maroon River.
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In this paper, a study on the use of precipitation prediction techniques with time series data was presented. Time series are an effective tool for understanding the nature of hydrological phenomena that with sufficient knowledge of them,... more
In this paper, a study on the use of precipitation prediction techniques with time series data was presented. Time series are an effective tool for understanding the nature of hydrological phenomena that with sufficient knowledge of them, future changes can be modeled and predicted. Various statistical models have been considered with the aim of reducing error and increasing forecast accuracy. Due to its structural and flexibility, state space makes it possible to model each of the components of a variable, including surface, seasonal and random separately. Therefore, by identifying the system in the way of modeling the studied variable, it is possible to control and minimize the estimation error, more intelligently compared to classical models. In the present study, in order to evaluate the modeling capability of state space and compare it with classical models, monthly preciptation modeling was performed in three rain gauge stations in Dez catchment, with four structural models of state space including Kalman filter, ETS exponential smoothing model and Modified exponential smoothing models were BATS and TBATS and the classic model was ARIMA. The results showed that at Sepiddasht Sezar station based on RMSE and MAE criteria of TBATS model and in Tangpanj Bakhtiyari station based on RMSE and MAE criterion of Kalman filter model and in Telezang station according to RMSE and MAE criterion of TBATS model the best models were chosen.
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This study derives an empirical equation to determine the rainfall threshold that triggers landslides and subsequent debris flows. In this research, the contribution of different factors, especially various sediment layer thicknesses, was... more
This study derives an empirical equation to determine the rainfall threshold that triggers landslides and subsequent debris flows. In this research, the contribution of different factors, especially various sediment layer thicknesses, was assessed on the landslide leading to debris flows. Bed slope, sediment thickness, sediment mean diameter, sediment layer length, rainfall intensity, and time of landslide occurrence were selected as the effective factors. Rainfall simulator device was used to create rainfall on the sediment sample. The effect of these factors on the landslide which leads to debris flow occurrence was investigated using dimensional analysis of experimental data. Then, linear and power regression models were tested by 30% of the total experimental data to estimate the rainfall-induced landslide. Determination coefficient ( R 2 ), mean absolute relative error (MARE), and Akaike information criterion (AIC) were applied to determine the best equation. Results revealed that landslide often occurs at a rapid rate in the thicker deposits than the thinner one. The evaluation of linear and power equations demonstrated that two-variable power model was the best empirical equation for estimation of rainfall threshold in initiation of landslide and debris flows. The evaluation criteria including MARE, R 2 , and AIC were estimated 0.044, 0.984, and − 25.93, respectively. In this equation, bed slope and the ratio of the time of landslide occurrence to the sediment layer length were used as the effective factors. This study can be used for assessment of the threshold of rainfall-induced landslide which finally leads to debris flow hazard.
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The existence of multiple stakeholders with different interests, norms, goals, and values has made conflict an inseparable part of complex water systems. The destructive effects of conflict and undesired consequences on human-natural... more
The existence of multiple stakeholders with different interests, norms, goals, and values has made conflict an inseparable part of complex water systems. The destructive effects of conflict and undesired consequences on human-natural water resources systems have highlighted the need to recognize the appropriate approach to deal with water conflicts. Various methods and models have been applied in water conflict studies so far - such as optimization-simulation, game theory, water market, benefit-sharing, and interdependence. Although these models have been applied in several studies addressing subnational and transboundary river basin conflicts, the proposed solutions, strategies, and policies using these models have not led to effective dealing with water conflicts in many cases. Analysis and identification of the causes of inefficiency of conventional models in the water conflict studies led to the formation of the present study. The basic approaches of water conflict studies models are compared with the approaches in peace and conflict studies, and, in this regard, the degree of alignment of conventional methods in dealing with water conflicts with the developments in peace and conflict studies are investigated. The research hypothesis is that the lack of alignment of the principles of water conflict studies with recent developments in peace and conflict studies has led to fundamental weaknesses in conventional methods of dealing with water conflicts and failure to cooperate in river basins. Library resources and comparative analysis methods are used to test the research hypothesis.
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In this study, optimal designs with minimum costs are obtained for various storm return periods. Then the risk analysis is used to determine the return period in which the design cost plus the damage risk cost is minimum. SWMM software... more
In this study, optimal designs with minimum costs are obtained for various storm return periods. Then the risk analysis is used to determine the return period in which the design cost plus the damage risk cost is minimum. SWMM software was used to handle the simulation and the Network optimization was performed by using the genetic algorithm. The non-linear reservoir model to convert the rainfall into runoff and the dynamic wave model to perform the network hydraulic simulation in this software are utilized as a complicated simulation model. The results showed that the 10-year return-period storm in which the summation of the design and the damage risk costs are minimum is the one that should be selected. Also, the rational method of the software was applied as the simplest method of rainfall-runoff and the hydraulic calculations were performed using a Manning equation without considering the flow travel time. The results show that the return period of the risk analysis is the same as the first one whereas the total design costs are greater by 16 percent. Afterward, the classical rational method in which the flow travel time is considered was used to design the same network. The peak flows of the pipes were remarkably reduced, causing the design costs to be only 5 percent greater than the complicated precise method. It can be concluded that the simple classic rational method considering the flow travel time may be used in the design of storm sewer networks due to its acceptable accuracy and costs.
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By developing a hydraulic simulator model of flow in irrigation canals, this study proceeded to spatially evaluate the adequacy of irrigation water distribution in the main and secondary canals of the waterfall irrigation network located... more
By developing a hydraulic simulator model of flow in irrigation canals, this study proceeded to spatially evaluate the adequacy of irrigation water distribution in the main and secondary canals of the waterfall irrigation network located in Isfahan province. For this purpose, a water distribution simulation between main and secondary canal catchments was performed during an irrigation season, based on spatial analysis of the water distribution performance adequacy index. According to what is done, daily distribution and delivery planning based on the information of water supply, water sales, and specified share for each second and third-degree intake valve, and with a simplified integral-delay mathematical model in MATLAB environment was linked. Five exploitation scenarios, representing normal conditions, waterlogging, and water scarcity, were considered following the prevailing patterns of surface water allocation - based on information collected in the last ten years from the irrigation network operation office. The simulation results in the main and secondary canals indicate a frequently decreasing trend of water delivery adequacy from upstream to downstream catchments, so that the adequacy index under water deficit scenarios of five, 15 and 30 percent in the range of 41-69 percent, respectively, 95-29 percent and 65-19 percent. The required water has reservoirs located downstream of the main canals. In addition to the nature of upstream control of the operation, the justification for this phenomenon is the inefficiency of the traditional manual operation method and the insufficient flexibility of water level adjustment structures and reservoirs in the reliable distribution of irrigation water under water scarcity scenarios. With the decrease in inlet flow due to water shortage, the vulnerability of the water distribution process in the downstream catchments has increased, and the favorable water delivery conditions can be seen only in a limited number of catchments located at the beginning of the main and secondary canals.
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Hydraulic models are often used as a tool for the prediction of the hydrodynamic behavior of flow. But scale effects in the hydraulic modeling process due to deviations of the results from the prototype. This paper discusses to scale... more
Hydraulic models are often used as a tool for the prediction of the hydrodynamic behavior of flow. But scale effects in the hydraulic modeling process due to deviations of the results from the prototype. This paper discusses to scale effect in the hydraulic flow model. The goal of the research is to investigate the effect of geometric distortion on the flow characteristics and the degree of deviation of the results of distorted models from the prototype, which is done using the two-dimensional numerical model MIKE21. First, the hydrodynamic conditions of the flow were simulated in four models of straight channel, convergent channel, divergent channel and curved channel with four degrees of distortion one (undistorted), two, five and 10. Then, assuming the similarity of the Froude number, the results of the models were compared with the prototype and the relative error in the result of channels was investigated. The results showed that the difference in depth and average velocity in distorted models with prototype is small, but the difference in transverse velocity profile of sloping model with prototype increases with increasing degree of distortion. So that the relative error in transverse velocity modeling in straight, convergent, divergent and curved channels with a degree of G10 was two, 29, 33 and 39 percent, respectively.
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The design of many infrastructures and construction projects requires the extensive studies in the area's geographical conditions and climatic characteristics. The effectiveness of this research itself depends on the information and data... more
The design of many infrastructures and construction projects requires the extensive studies in the area's geographical conditions and climatic characteristics. The effectiveness of this research itself depends on the information and data required. In many cases, the project area is in a situation where no climatic information such as rainfall is available. Hence, regional frequency analysis has been received much attention. In this way, having specific conditions and mechanisms, the available information in other sites can be expanded and transferred to the other areas. In this research, clustering is one of the most effective steps that divide the existing stations into the hydrologically homogeneous areas. Therefore, in this study, in addition to the common methods in clustering, two new models, neural gas network and growing neural gas network, were used to determine the homogeneous regions in Khuzestan province, Iran. One of the unique features of these algorithms is learning the topology or shape of the distributions that governs the data space. Using the variables of longitude, latitude, altitude, mean annual rainfall, and maximum 24-hour rainfall of the station, the design area was divided into two hydrologically homogeneous areas, and the clustering process was performed. The results show that the neural gas networks has a high efficiency and accuracy in view of clustering. The Mean Percentage Difference and Coefficient of Variation of Root Mean Square Error in neural gas were estimated to be 15.56 and 24.39 percent, respectively, which showed a considerable advantages over the conventional methods.
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Structures operation in traditional water conveyance and distribution canals is manually done using operators’ experience. Determining operational patterns in these canals is an important issue done in recent studies using artificial... more
Structures operation in traditional water conveyance and distribution canals is manually done using operators’ experience. Determining operational patterns in these canals is an important issue done in recent studies using artificial intelligence. One of the errors occurring during the settings of the structure is the operators’ error applying some errors as they operate the determined setting. This issue and its effect hasn’t been investigated in the previous research so far. In this research, the reinforcement learning model was used to determine the operational patterns considering the operator errors of five percent and 10 percent applied randomly. A non-linear model of the studied canal that is the E1R1 canal as a part of Dez network located in the north of Khuzestan was employed to simulate. The results showed that reinforcement learning can accurately determine the operational patterns with a maximum iteration of 650 so that the action values are more than 0.9 in most cases.
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Groundwater is the most valuable water resources in any region and in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran, is the main source for drinking and agricultural needs. In recent years, with the increase in population and... more
Groundwater is the most valuable water resources in any region and in many arid and semi-arid regions of the world, such as Iran, is the main source for drinking and agricultural needs. In recent years, with the increase in population and as a result of increasing withdrawals from aquifers and climate change, many of aquifers are in poor condition, and these conditions continue or are deteriorating. In this regard, regular monitoring of aquifers is always very important and by making appropriate management decisions, it is possible to prevent more damage to aquifers and reduce the damage. The purpose of this study is to determine the droughts of the future and to determine its impact on the aquifer of Shahrekord plain. In this study, using the output of CMIP6 models, climatic variables such as rainfall and temperature for the next period are simulated and the rainfall situation in the region until 2100 has been determined. Then, using the ANFIS model, groundwater depth in five selected piezometers in the plain is predicted by 2050. According to the results of this study, the aquifer condiotion of Shahrekord plain has been determined by 2050 and it has been determined that in some parts of Shahrekord plain, the groundwater depth will increase to 26 meters. Due to possible changes in the future in order to prevent the situation from deteriorating and increasing the damage, appropriate management decisions must be made in this regard.
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Hydrological models make it possible to simulate the rainfall-runoff process, the amount of runoff from rainfall in areas without statistics or with incomplete statistics. One of the most practical and globally accepted rainfall- runoff... more
Hydrological models make it possible to simulate the rainfall-runoff process, the amount of runoff from rainfall in areas without statistics or with incomplete statistics. One of the most practical and globally accepted rainfall- runoff model provided by American Soil Conversation Service, (SCS) known as SCS-CN where CN refer to Curve Numbers based on soil hydrological conditions. In this research, Rainfall-Runoff-Retention Model (3RM) was used introduced the new concept for rainfall Interceptions as Antecedent Effective Retention (IER) instead of the Antecedent Moisture Content (AMC) and calculating it by water balance method. SCS-CN model with this new revision were applied in Darjazin (semi-arid climate) and Kassilian (very humid climate) catchments in Iran. The results of the study showed that Darjazin watershed with 29.38 persent rock cover (D) and 3.27 persent hydrologic soil group (A) with a holding potential of 20.66 mm and Kassilian watershed with forest cover 77 persent and rock mass cover 0.0 persent has a lot of retention potential (51.11 mm). The value of α (ratio of initial retention to potential retention) was obtained between 0.05 and 0.13 in different basins. Also, the results of model fitting on rainfall-runoff data showed that the evaluation indices including coefficient of determination R2, RMSE, NRMSE and NSE for predicting runoff in Darjazin catchment (0.998, 0.439, 0.029, and 0.998) respectively, while the same indicators for the Kassilian watershed are (0.867, 0.264, 1.009 and 0.859) respectively. The results show that the model has an acceptable ability to predict runoff and actual retention in all two watersheds.
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In this study, digital photography was used to estimate the amount of sugar beet’s canopy cover. For this purpose, a dataset of visible images of sugar beet crops, during the growing season, in 2018, under drought and nitrogen stress were... more
In this study, digital photography was used to estimate the amount of sugar beet’s canopy cover. For this purpose, a dataset of visible images of sugar beet crops, during the growing season, in 2018, under drought and nitrogen stress were taken in a greenhouse at the ETH research station for plant sciences in Lindau Eschikon, Switzerland. The treatments of this research included two levels of irrigation stress (low water and sufficient water) and three levels of fertilizer stress (20, 40, and 80 kg/ha nitrogen). Image discrimination and threshold algorithms are applied to perform segmentation on the images in Python. Compound segmentation methods using Excess Green, Excess Green minus Excess Red discrimination vegetation indices (plant from soil and background), and without discrimination index and manual input thresholding and Otsu and Triangle automated algorithms were used. Therefore, nine different compound methods including discrimination and thresholding algorithms used to estimate the canopy cover under different stresses. Results showed that compound methods of Excess Green minus Excess Red vegetation index and manual input thresholding and Excess Green Index and Otsu have the highest accuracy, 94.69 and 87.52 percent, respectively. The method without discrimination index and triangle thresholding which has 53.18 percent accuracy was the least accurate method.
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There are several methods for monitoring evapotranspiration, which are mainly measured on a point that will be difficult to generalize to the whole area. In recent years, remote sensing-based methods for estimating actual... more
There are several methods for monitoring evapotranspiration, which are mainly measured on a point that will be difficult to generalize to the whole area. In recent years, remote sensing-based methods for estimating actual evapotranspiration have been widely considered. In this study, the amount of actual evapotranspiration per day in Qazvin plain was used by SEBS and PYSEBAL algorithms for 15 TM images, 22 ETM + images and 24 MODIS images without clouds and snow during the years 2000 to 2003. The results were compared with a drained lysimeter planted with grass in the Qazvin plain. Comparing the outputs obtained from the two algorithms, it was concluded that the PYSEBAL algorithm, using the latest methods of estimating evapotranspiration, such as the user not selecting two hot and cold pixels and minimal use of ground data, has been able to cover many of the weaknesses of other algorithms, so that the PYSEBAL algorithm in all three MODIS sensors, LANDSAT-ETM+ and LANDSAT-TM respectively with RMSE values (0.45, 0.46 and 2.02 mm/day, and R2 values of 0.96, 0.95 and 0.82) had better performance than SEBS algorithm in the study area. Furthermore, considering that determining the amount of water used for evapotranspiration is one of the most basic factors in planning in order to achieve more product, Kc coefficient can be considered as a suitable and fast guide in irrigation management. Studies on grass plant show the high accuracy of PYSEBAL model in estimating this coefficient. And finally, the use of remote sensing methods can be a good alternative to avoid high costs and improve water management in the region.
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Gates are Flow control structures used in irrigation canals. In the meantime, Lopac Gates have very efficient capabilities such as controlling and regulation the level of water upstream, automation, lower energy consumption than other... more
Gates are Flow control structures used in irrigation canals. In the meantime, Lopac Gates have very efficient capabilities such as controlling and regulation the level of water upstream, automation, lower energy consumption than other types of gates (like sliding gate, radil gate) and the possibility of passing floating objects. Elliptical Lopac gate (ELG) are one of the new types of lopac gates that are intended to increase the discharge coefficient compared to other types of lopac gates. The present study was conducted with the aim of modeling ELG in five different elliptical ratios with sudden transition in the channel using Flow3d software. All models are considered in three discharges of 25, 35 and 45 liters per second and in three openings of 20, 30 and 40 cm and simulation has been done with RNG turbulence model. The final results showed that by increasing the elliptical ratio from 0.7 to 1.28, the energy consumption gates will decrease from eight to 20 percent compared to the initial energy. In the study of floor shear stress, the results show that by increasing the elliptical ratio, the average shear stress decreases by 52 percent. In the section on flow vortices, the results show that in elliptic ratios greater than one, vortex currents and current deviation from the path are reduced and the flow rate decreases from 22 to 54 percent.
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Protecting the quantity and quality of water resources has always been of great importance in all human societies, and in order to maintain the quality of these resources, numerous monitoring and remedial measures have been taken in most... more
Protecting the quantity and quality of water resources has always been of great importance in all human societies, and in order to maintain the quality of these resources, numerous monitoring and remedial measures have been taken in most countries of the world. In this regard, water quality monitoring is considered as one of the essential tools and as an integrated activity to evaluate the physical, chemical and biological factors of water that are related to human health and living organisms. In the present study, a model of combining geostatistical methods (Kriging), clustering and entropy theory has been proposed to review and present the groundwater quality monitoring network. This model is presented under the first and second approaches in Tehran-Karaj study area. The first approach, without using the clustering method, reviews the existing monitoring network without using only entropy theory and Kriging geostatistical method as an estimator. The second approach uses the k-means clustering method, entropy theory and Kriging geostatistical method as an estimator to investigate the effect of combining these three methods on the review of the existing monitoring network and then the results of the first and second approaches are compared. The proposed final monitoring network with 44 wells has an average forecast error rate of 19 and a cost reduction of 34 percent compared to the cost of the current monitoring network. Also, using clustering, the average percentage of estimation error has been reduced by 20 percent compared to the case without clustering.
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The present study, while introducing the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) database, evaluates the performance of this database in estimating two meteorological variables of precipitation and air temperature in two daily and... more
The present study, while introducing the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) database, evaluates the performance of this database in estimating two meteorological variables of precipitation and air temperature in two daily and monthly time scales in the Helleh catchment area located in southern Iran. To achieve the objectives of the study, the data of eleven rainfall and temperature gauges in the catchment area was used for fourteen years. In this study, in order to compare the gridbased data and station points, laps rate downscale method of temperature and precipitation and statistical indicators were used. The results show that the performance of GLDAS database in estimating air temperature is much better than precipitation, so that on a daily time scale, the average value of the coefficient of determination in eleven stations for estimating precipitation is 0.329, respectively, while the performance in estimating air temperature with the coefficient of determination of 0.934 is Very suitable. On a monthly scale, the results of this study show that the performance of the GLDAS database is very good in estimating both temperature and precipitation variables, so that on a monthly basis, the coefficient of determination in air temperature and precipitation parameters are 0.984 and 0.857, respectively. Therefore, it can be said that the suitability of performance in a meteorological variable is not a reason for suitability in all parameters. According to the mean error index, the GLDAS database overestimates the temperature data, but underestimates the precipitation data. In Error zoning it can be seen that basin surface characteristics such as altitude can also be effective in evaluating the performance of the base.
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One of the approaches to equilibrium assessment is the use of quantitative and qualitative indicators that can be a good tool. In this study, in order to evaluate the equilibrium scenarios in Hashtgerd aquifer, two indicators of intrinsic... more
One of the approaches to equilibrium assessment is the use of quantitative and qualitative indicators that can be a good tool. In this study, in order to evaluate the equilibrium scenarios in Hashtgerd aquifer, two indicators of intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer and quantitative stability index of the aquifer were used. Five scenarios were defined based on the groundwater resources balancing scheme in the region and simulated using the MODFLOW numerical model. Equilibrium was calculated by combining three indicators of reliability, vulnerability and desirability of groundwater system stability index in different scenarios. The simulation results and application of different scenarios showed that by reducing the water withdrawal by 15 percent, the highest level of stability is created in the aquifer system and the system stability rate increases from 55 percent to 87 percent. The extent of changes in the aquifer stability index as a distribution in the observation wells also indicates that the middle part of the aquifer has the highest status of improving the stability index. This region, with its high density of exploitation wells, is most affected by the reduction of aquifer withdrawals. The results obtained from the aquifer stability index, considering the spatial distribution, show the feasibility of implementing different scenarios. On the other hand, due to the importance of development and the use of vulnerability indicators, the drastic index was analyzed at the regional level. The results showed that the upstream part of the aquifer has the highest level of vulnerability due to hydrogeological characteristics and the level of vulnerability has decreased in the direction of groundwater flow.
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Roof rainwater harvesting is considered an important alternative source where contaminated surface and groundwater resources are limited or not readily available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of water... more
Roof rainwater harvesting is considered an important alternative source where contaminated surface and groundwater resources are limited or not readily available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantity and quality of water extracted from rainwater harvesting systems for drinking water production at Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University. To investigate the potential for rainwater harvesting within the university, one of the student dormitory buildings with a roof area of 850 m2 and a capacity of 300 students was considered. Daily rainfall data of Dasht-e Naz station in Sari in the period 2000 to 2018 were used as inputs of the water balance model to determine the appropriate volume of the rainwater storage tank. Also, in order to evaluate the quality of water collected from the roof, sampling from the roof outlet and some important physical, chemical and microbial parameters were measured. According to the results, the volume of the storage tank of 30 m3 in the dormitory with Volumetric and time reliability of 29 and 29.5 percent, respectively, was considered appropriate. The results showed that at the implementation of this system, about 309 m3 of town water consumption will be saved annually. The results also show that the direct use of collected water for drinking purposes is limited. Accordingly, according to the amount of water produced annually, it is recommended to use a UV system for disinfection and microbial purification while using a sand tank to improve physical parameters (turbidity).
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One of the ways to reduce water consumption and increase water productivity is to simultaneous use mulch and deficit irrigation. For studying the effect of mulch and different levels of irrigation on water use efficiency of Basil, a split... more
One of the ways to reduce water consumption and increase water productivity is to simultaneous use mulch and deficit irrigation. For studying the effect of mulch and different levels of irrigation on water use efficiency of Basil, a split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted. The experimental treatments consisted of four different irrigation levels; and two soil factors in two seasons of cultivation. The elasticity theory was used to determine the maximum product yield and water productivity. In the theory of elasticity, marginal water consumption efficiency index and elasticity index are determined by deriving from the production function. The results of the first season showed that in the conditions of maximum yield, the yield of the product in mulched soil was about 19 percent higher than the normal soil, while water consumption was reduced by 28 percent in the mulch, and in total about 50 percent of water productivity has increased. In deficit irrigation condition, the best dry matter yield, water requirement and water productivity were 118 gr/m2, 67 mm and 67.1 gr/lit in soil covered with mulch respectively; while these values for uncovered soil were 96.7 gr/ m2, 80.2 mm and 21.1 gr /lit respectively. The results in the second season of cultivation were similar to those of the first cultivar and indicated that the yield of the product, water requirement and water productivity in the mulch was increased. The results of the experiment showed by applying mulch on the soil surface and using deficit irrigation strategy, water use efficiency and yield productivity of basil increased.
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In order to understand the mechanism of flow patterns in vegetated channels, the flow located in a rectangular channel was numerically investigated by using OpenFOAM software. Firstly, two solvers of that software (i.e. icoFoam and... more
In order to understand the mechanism of flow patterns in vegetated channels, the flow located in a rectangular channel was numerically investigated by using OpenFOAM software. Firstly, two solvers of that software (i.e. icoFoam and pimpleFoam) were used to calculate the velocity profiles in both longitudinal and cross-sectional directions for four selected sections in a rectangular channel with a square cylinder. By comparing the simulation results with the available data, the icoFoam solver with a better performance (six Percent Error) was selected for the next developed model. A new model was then created with two tandem square cylinders with spacing ratios of two and a half and five. Flow patterns, velocity distribution and pressure characteristics in the channel with different inlet flow velocities were investigated for two cases. It was observed that a flow field disturbance occurred in all simulations and the current changed from steady state to unsteady one at a critical velocity. This instability occurred in a distance between the cylinders for the spacing ratio of five at an average Reynolds number of eight, while for the ratio of two and a half it is occurred at an average Reynolds number of 32. The maximum values of longitudinal and transverse velocity timelines in a period of 200 seconds for four states (including two Reynolds numbers and two different spacing ratios) were plotted in two spatial ranges and fully investigated. According to the results, it can be said that the overlap has an important role on the flow characteristics in tandem arrangements and by increasing the distance ratio between the cylinders by 55 percent, the critical velocity value decreases by 74 percent.
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Determination of the environmental flow of rivers using hydrological and hydraulic methods has received more attention due to the available information and less cost and time. The important point in using these methods is to consider the... more
Determination of the environmental flow of rivers using hydrological and hydraulic methods has received more attention due to the available information and less cost and time. The important point in using these methods is to consider the natural conditions of the river by eliminating the effect of upstream withdrawals. To investigate the necessity of naturalization of the flow and its effect on determination of the ecological water supply of Zayandehroud river at the location of the Sad-e-tanzimi station (before major drinking, industrial and agricultural harvests) and Varzaneh station (near Gavkhuni wetland and after harvest and water infiltration) has been selected as a case study. Based on the Tennant method, using the observed and naturalized flows at Varzaneh station, the ecological watercourse showed that if the observed flows are used, it will obtain about 0.6 cubic meters per second. It turned out that there would be practically no water flowing in the river. If naturalized flow is used, 16 percent of the basin runoff potential will be allocated to the environment. The environmental flow obtained from the wetted perimeter method with the curved slope algorithm at the Sad-e-tanzimi and Varzaneh station has estimated 13 and 16 percent of the annual average natural flow, respectively, which is within the acceptable results of the modified Tennant method. Has been located. As a result, the use of the modified Tennant method is recommended due to the ease of calculating and providing the monthly distribution of environmental water, provided that the naturalized flow time series is used at the study stations.
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Planning for the best use of water resources in agriculture is inevitable. In this regard, the method of subsurface drip irrigation can, in addition to reducing the amount of irrigation water, increase crop yield. This study was conducted... more
Planning for the best use of water resources in agriculture is inevitable. In this regard, the method of subsurface drip irrigation can, in addition to reducing the amount of irrigation water, increase crop yield. This study was conducted to investigate the different levels of under-irrigation and over-irrigation on yield indices and plant traits of sweet corn cultivar CHASE, under subsurface drip irrigation system in a randomized complete block design with four treatments of 20 Percent over-irrigation, equal to water requirement, 20 and 40 Percent under-irrigation in four Repeated. The results showed that in general, the effects of under-irrigation and over-irrigation on cob yield, 1000-seed weight, uncovered cob diameter, pod-free cob length, number of cob rows and number of seeds were significant. Also, based on the results, it can be stated that by reducing the amount of water consumption, the yield of the product decreases linearly. The highest and lowest cob yields were obtained in over-irrigation treatments and 60 Percent of water requirement with an average of 30.4 and 19.9 tons per hectare, respectively. Accordingly, with a 20 Percent reduction in water consumption compared to full irrigation, only 4.72 Percent of the crop is significantly reduced. This is while with a 20 Percent increase in irrigation water, the yield of cob increases by 10.54 Percent. 1000-seed weight in full irrigation and 20 Percent low irrigation treatments was 375.7 and 372.6 g, respectively. There was no significant difference between over-irrigation and 20 Percent under-irrigation treatment. There was a significant difference between the means of ear yield indices, length and number of seeds per ear row in all irrigation treatments.
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The scarcity of available water resources, on the one hand, and the increase in water demand, on the other, have upset the balance between water supply and water demand systems. Consequently, it is necessary to prevent the destruction of... more
The scarcity of available water resources, on the one hand, and the increase in water demand, on the other, have upset the balance between water supply and water demand systems. Consequently, it is necessary to prevent the destruction of this valuable ecosystem and its adverse effects by considering the principles of the integrated water resources management program, determining the environmental status of wetlands such as Amirkalayeh wetland, and improving its water resources management. The main purpose of this study was to investigate different allocation scenarios for the provision of wetland ecosystems based on the principles of integrated water resources management. To aim this purpose, the water resources system of the wetland and its catchment area were simulated with the WEAP model. First, the model was calibrated for the current condition of the wetland in the reference scenario at the water years 2011-2020 whith R 2 and RMSE statistical indices of 0.99 and 0.1 for the wetland volume and 0.95 and 0.3 for the creek discharge, respectively. Therefore, water shortage values were estimated to achieve the minimum and optimal ecological conditions of the wetland. Then, the effect of the management strategies on the balance of water resources of the wetland was investigated by compiling different management scenarios. The results showed that the implementation of scenarios at the wetland scale and its catchment would increase the volume of water in the wetland between 0.5 to 4 and 0.3 to 1.7 million cubic meters, respectively. Furthermore, simultaneously implementing scenarios of increasing the volume of the wetland's reservoir could provide the wetland's water requirements by constructing a levee, increasing irrigation efficiency, and eliminating the occupation of agricultural lands in the wetland bed and its margins. Also, when agricultural water requirement is provided, the water requirements of the wetland will be met so, even at a higher level.
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Due to the increase in greenhouse gases and numerous water and climate crises, accurate prediction of the changes groundwater levels is very important and vital in the water resources management. Therefore, in this paper,the climate... more
Due to the increase in greenhouse gases and numerous water and climate crises, accurate prediction of the changes groundwater levels is very important and vital in the water resources management. Therefore, in this paper,the climate changes of Talesh plain is studied under RCP scenarios using Lars-WG and its water sources from SVR and ANN models. Also,aquifer pumping parameters, evapotranspiration potential, minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation are used from (2021-2030). The results of the mean minimum and maximum temperature changes under RCP scenarios indicate the temperature increase by 0.9 and 0.69 °C. Also,studying the accuracy of SVR and ANN models shows that the AUC in the training and testing phase in the ANN model, the maximum AUC values were calculated as 0.876 and 0.769, while the SVR model, the maximum values were equal to 0.867 and 0.819.Thus SVR has better predictive accuracy.In addition to that during the time period (2005-2019) the groundwater level has decreased by 10 cm and in the SVR and ANN models by an average nine and six cm respectively more ever during in the time period(2021-2030) ground water levels have decreased in by 18, 20 and 21 cm, 20, 21 and 23 cm under the scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8 5 in SVR and ANN models,respectively.Therefor it is suggested that in Talesh plain considering the cultivation pattern appropriate to water resources in different parts of the plain should be the priority for agricultural planners.
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Geometric and morphological characteristics of each river are its main characteristics by which the management planning of the basin and the conservation of natural resources around it is done. Estuaries are formed at the mouth of rivers... more
Geometric and morphological characteristics of each river are its main characteristics by which the management planning of the basin and the conservation of natural resources around it is done. Estuaries are formed at the mouth of rivers in a border area between sea and land. Deformation of estuaries due to sedimentation and erosion changes the pattern of river flow. In this research, the hydrodynamic model (HD) is used to calculate the flow rates and velocity and the sediment transport model (ST) is used to calculate the suspended load and bed level. The results of the hydrodynamic model showed that the maximum speed at 17 km of Shalmaneh station (beginning of the third interval) is approximately 4.7 m /s. This value decreases to about 1.5 meters per second as we approach the end of the estuary. Due to the importance of the role of floods in bed changes, the model was implemented using the 25-year flood discharge of Shalmanrood River (355 cubic meters per second) for a period of one year. After that, the river route was divided into three parts and the behavior of Shalmanrud river was studied according to the deformation created in the sections of each part. The maximum amount of sediment in the first part is 0.41 m in non-flood condition and 1.1 m in flood condition. In the second part, sedimentation increases and in non-flood state reaches 0.8 meters and in flood state reaches 2 meters. In the third part, the amount of sediment will be more than the first and second parts. The maximum amount of sediment in this part is 0.53 m in non-flood condition and 1.4 m in flood condition.
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In the design of embankment dams, the vertical or inclination of the core has its own advantages and disadvantages according to technical and economic considerations. In each of these options, it is necessary to pay attention to the... more
In the design of embankment dams, the vertical or inclination of the core has its own advantages and disadvantages according to technical and economic considerations. In each of these options, it is necessary to pay attention to the amount of seepage, deformations and stresses created in the body and foundation of the dam, as well as stability. In addition, the control of the arching caused by different stresses and subsidence in different levels and areas, which can lead to hydraulic failure of the dam, should also be considered. In this study, while analyzing the static behavior of the "Azad" dam in real condition (with a vertical core) in GeoStudio software, analysis of seepage, stress-strain, arching and slope stability with different core inclination (zero , five, 10, 15, 20 and 22 degrees relative to the vertical) at end of construction and steady-state seepage have also been studied and compared. The results showed that for a given depth, with increasing the angle of inclination of the core from the vertical position, the seepage through the dam body and foundation (especially for angles greater than 15 degrees) and the vertical displacement of the core central line increased. Also with increasing the angle of inclination, the average stability safety factor of the downstream slope of the dam increased imperceptibly but for the upstream slope especially for angles greater than 15 degrees, there was a significant decrease of 22.6 percent. The trend of increasing the total vertical stress along the central core line with increasing depth for different angles of the core did not change significantly. In the case of arching, except in the height range of 0.3 of the height of the crest, the probability decreased with increasing inclination angle of the core.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using each of the surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods on the condition of Zayandehrud basin. For this purpose, water, energy, food and carbon nexus approach was used for a... more
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using each of the surface, sprinkler and drip irrigation methods on the condition of Zayandehrud basin. For this purpose, water, energy, food and carbon nexus approach was used for a comprehensive study. In the nexus approach, considering their interactions, efforts are made to increase productivity and ensure the security of the region. In this study, this approach has appeared in the form of a newly developed index called water, energy, food and greenhouse gases nexus (WEFGN) and considering ten indicators including inputs of crop production, energy consumption for irrigation, food self-sufficiency, economic efficiency and carbon emissions were studied for irrigation methods that could provide a comprehensive view of managers and decision makers. The results of the study of irrigation methods in 2020 showed that by changing the current irrigation method to drip and sprinkler irrigation due to reduced water consumption (17 and 4.84 percent (483.7 and 138.5 million cubic meters per year, respectively)) the condition of the basin improves, but in the sprinkler method more energy is needed for irrigation (280.5 percent (112415.8 thousand kcal per year)) and the carbon released due to the increase in irrigation energy also increases to 87432.5 tons per year (73.7 percent). Therefore, the WEFGN index score for each of the drip irrigation, sprinkler and current status methods was 0.86, 0.31 and 0.47, respectively, and the best irrigation method in Zayandehrud basin in terms of nexus approach was drip irrigation.
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When the dam reservoir exceeds its capacity, the spillway, as one of the most significant water-dependent elements of dams, safely conveys the oncoming flood flow to the dam reservoir. Dam safety is inextricably linked to sufficient... more
When the dam reservoir exceeds its capacity, the spillway, as one of the most significant water-dependent elements of dams, safely conveys the oncoming flood flow to the dam reservoir. Dam safety is inextricably linked to sufficient spillway capacity. Therefore, one of the most pressing issues in all dams is ensuring the accuracy of structures and the hydraulic operation of spillways. In the present study, the hydraulic parameters of the flow on the spillway for the flood discharges with 50 and 10,000-year return periods were simulated using WS77 and Flow3D softwares in order to evaluate the factors affecting the destruction of the concrete panel of the Bukan Dam spillway. Various known factors in the destruction of spillway floor concrete panels such as cavitation, pressure fluctuations, uplift pressure and hydraulic jacks were also investigated. As shown in the results, the minimum cavitation index in selected floods of 50 and 10 thousand years is 0.31 and 0.275, respectively, which is more than the critical value of 0.2. Furthermore, at the maximum values estimated in the two floods, the failure potential index is 111 and 198 (2.5 cm offset) respectively, which is much below the value of the destruction threshold of 500. However, the results show that increased pressure owing to the hydraulic jack phenomenon, as well as uplift pressure to values greater than the concrete panel weight component and anchor strength, has resulted in spillway floor concrete panel displacement.
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Put critical situations. Decline of groundwater level in Urmia plain and declaration of this plain as one of the forbidden plains of West Azerbaijan province; It has caused the rehabilitation of the aquifer and planning to prevent its... more
Put critical situations. Decline of groundwater level in Urmia plain and declaration of this plain as one of the forbidden plains of West Azerbaijan province; It has caused the rehabilitation of the aquifer and planning to prevent its decline and increase its level to be among the priorities of the executive plans of the Ministry of Energy in this area.In this study, in order to rehabilitate the aquifer and in parallel, the effect of annual rainfall parameters and reduction of groundwater abstraction on changes in the aquifer level of the Urmia plain was investigated using the fuzzy TOPSIS technique. In this regard, the effectiveness of the measures taken based on 4 management scenarios, a questionnaire with 18 options in the form of three criteria of implemented measures, short-term proposed measures and long-term proposed measures were prepared. Given the breadth and multiple interactions between the criteria and the leading measures, the fuzzy method to express the effect of each option quantitatively and the TOPSIS fuzzy analysis method to analyze the opinions of experts with the aim of ranking the options of each scenario in Problem solving was used. The results indicate that increasing rainfall and consequently decreasing groundwater abstraction is still the most effective factor in the relative improvement of the quantitative status of the aquifer. Meanwhile, by examining the amount of rainfall in the last few years in the Urmia plain, it can be stated that in addition to changing the amount of rainfall as the main factor, the effectiveness options of patrol and inspection groups (Ch6), feeding the aquifer by releasing water from the dam Tea city (Ch7) and river blockage in non-crop seasons and feeding the aquifer through the main river (Ch4) are among the measures of the rehabilitation and balancing plan (implemented) in improving the groundwater level.
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It is expected that due to the value of water in the agricultural sector and the reduction of water resources in recent years, methods of adaptation to the conditions ahead will be investigated. A study was carried out to investigate the... more
It is expected that due to the value of water in the agricultural sector and the reduction of water resources in recent years, methods of adaptation to the conditions ahead will be investigated. A study was carried out to investigate the effects of deficit irrigation on yield components of rice (Binam variety). The experiment was run in the form of a randomized complete block design with nine treatments and three replications in the Babolsar city of Mazandaran province in year 2020. The treatments were regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) in three drought stresses of 10, 30 and 60 kPa (RDI10, RDI30, RDI60, PRD10, PRD30 and PRD60) and full irrigation (FID). Drip tape irrigation system was used as irrigation method. Flood irrigation system was used as an irrigation (FI1) and weed (FI2) control treatment. Soil water deficit was measured by a tensiometer and Volumetric meter was used to calculate water consumption. Flood irrigation treatment had the highest yield of rough rice and water consumption (6442 kg / ha and 10886 m / ha). The lowest rice yield was for RDI60 treatment with 2998 kg / ha and the lowest water consumption was corresponded to PRD60 treatment with 2111 m / ha. According to the results, the applying of PRD method in addition to higher yield than RDI, saved 76.33% in water consumption. The PRD method could be recommended for the region.
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Spur dikes are river training structures that developed from the natural river banks with proper length and angle from the flow dominant direction, cause to divert the flow attack at the riverside and the critical regions and directs the... more
Spur dikes are river training structures that developed from the natural river banks with proper length and angle from the flow dominant direction, cause to divert the flow attack at the riverside and the critical regions and directs the flow to the river central axis. There are several researchers focused on the effect of the spur dikes angles on the flow pattern however there is not any study on hockey spur dikes angle on scouring patterns. In present study, the effects of the hockey spur dikes angle on scouring and the bed topography was carried out experimentally while the results were compared to those provided for L-shape. The experiments were conducted on a series of hockey spur dikes also the L-shape in three various angles equal to 30°, 60° and 90° (towards the downstream channel lateral walls) inside a laboratory flume in 10.5m length, 0.5 width and 0.5m height under the clear water conditions. The results revealed the scour hole parameters including the length and thickness of the sediment hill are lower in hockey spur dikes than the L-shape by increasing the spur dikes angle. Furthermore, the maximum scour depth, mean area and volume of scouring are increased by 41.4, 41 and 75.5 percent in hockey and by 33.8, 39 and 73 percent in L-shape through increasing the angle from 30° to 90°, respectively. Also, no scouring was taken place in the vicinity of the channel lateral walls downstream the hockey spur dikes, hence, those beter act against the destruction also in protection of river beaches against the erosion, with respect to the L-shape.
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The global increase in water demand, along with its limited and declining supply, has caused the water crisis to threaten almost all parts of the globe, making it one of the greatest challenges in the present century. It is predicted that... more
The global increase in water demand, along with its limited and declining supply, has caused the water crisis to threaten almost all parts of the globe, making it one of the greatest challenges in the present century. It is predicted that if the current trend of exploitation of these resources continues, more than 21 percent of the world's population will be exposed to severe water stress by 2050. Therefore, most countries have tended to adopt new policies related to water demand management instead of water supply management, as well as developing market-based mechanisms as a sustainable, flexible, and efficient method in managing of water resources and redistributing it between different uses. However, the effective role of water markets in strengthening the use of very limited water resources, increasing opportunities to improve productivity and efficiency of its consumption is well understood. However, the ability of the market to efficiently and optimally allocate water depends on the establishment of special conditions, and the use of this method in Iran requires knowledge of the necessary conditions for the formation of a water market as well as its economic consequences. The present article introduces a new approach to demand-based water management with a review-analytical approach, explains the theoretical foundations of the water market, its concepts, and features, and explains the requirements for its implementation in practice, examines past experiences of the water market in Iran and the world, and, depicts its advantages and challenges, then proposes solutions for reform with emphasis on the economic, social, and legal conditions governing the management of the country's water resources.
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The metropolis of Tehran has seven drinking water treatment plants, which according to the water needs, more than one billion cubic meters of water treated by the treatment plants are provided to the customers annually. Five percent of... more
The metropolis of Tehran has seven drinking water treatment plants, which according to the water needs, more than one billion cubic meters of water treated by the treatment plants are provided to the customers annually. Five percent of the volume of water entering the treatment plants is converted into wastewater, which is estimated at 50 million cubic meters per year. If managed in the recycling process, it will play an important role in balancing water resources and preventing water loss. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate the recycling process of water treatment in the field of drinking water supply in Tehran to increase the stability of water supply and demand cycle. For this purpose, in order to effectively regenerate this cycle, it was evaluated in the treatment plant No. seven in Tehran with an incoming water volume of 155 million cubic meters per year. In this regard, the results of evaluation of the recycling process change in the treatment plant showed that by changing the wastewater treatment process and the use of polyelectrolyte, the amount of effluent decreased by 95%. The results showed that the volume of effluent decreased from 7.7 million cubic meters per year to 310,000 cubic meters per year, which in fact, Five percent efficiency of effluent production to three tenthe of percent of effluent production in this process change. This change in the effluent system produced in the drinking water treatment plant can greatly contribute to the sustainability of water resources, especially groundwater, given the volume of water resources required by Tehran.
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Water pollution is a major global problem that requires constant evaluation and revision of water resources policy at all levels. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important indicators of water quality. In the present study, the... more
Water pollution is a major global problem that requires constant evaluation and revision of water resources policy at all levels. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the most important indicators of water quality. In the present study, the water quality parameter of dissolved oxygen using intelligent Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) method based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and Complementary Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (CEEMD) pre-processor methods in both temporal and spatial modes. It was investigated in five consecutive stations on the Savannah River. The results of analysis of models showed the ability and high efficiency of the method used in estimating the amount of dissolved oxygen in water. On the other hand, pre-processor methods improved the results. It was also observed in the investigations that the results of analysis based on wavelet transformation in spatial modeling reduced the RMSE error by two percent and also the empirical mode decomposition in temporal modeling by 15 percent. The best evaluation for test data was obtained using the empirical mode decomposition in temporal modeling corresponding to the previous day with values of DC=0.977, R=0.988 and RMSE=0.017. Also, in the spatial modeling to estimate dissolved oxygen in the third station, it was found that the results obtained from the inputs of the dissolved oxygen parameter one day before the second station and two days before the first station have the best results.
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This study was done as a pot experiment to investigate the effect of biochar applying in drought stress conditions on yield and water productivity of French lettuce. It was carried out from November 2019 to February 2020 in the... more
This study was done as a pot experiment to investigate the effect of biochar applying in drought stress conditions on yield and water productivity of French lettuce. It was carried out from November 2019 to February 2020 in the greenhouse of Zanjan University Research Farm as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experimental treatments included biochar at three levels (zero (B0), one (B1) and two (B2) percent w/w) and irrigation at two levels (70 (I70) and 100 (I100) percent of crop water requirement). The water requirements of the control treatment crops were determined by weight method. Based on the results, application of deficit irrigation significantly reduced means of plant canopy diameter, shoot dimeter, plant hight, chlorophyll content, relative water content and plant wet mass (yield) compared to the control treatment (8.0, 19.8, 26.1, 13.6, 6.20 and 21.1 percent, respectively). Application of one and two percent biochar significantly increased means of plant canopy diameter (13.1 and 7.8 percent, respectively), shoot dimeter (31.9 and 15.5 percent, respectively), plant hight (26.1 and 12.5 percent, respectively), chlorophyll content (25.5 and 13.7 percent, respectively), relative water content (11.61 and 5.30 percent, respectively), plant wet mass (yield) (23.6 and 12.1 percent, respectively) and water productivily (24.6 and 12.3 percent, respectively) compared to the control treatment (B0). Based on the results of the treatments interaction effects, maximum and minimum mean of water productivity were in I70B2 and I70B0 (27.30 and 20.02 kg.m-3, respectively) as well as in the yield they were in I100B2 and I70B0 (15.54 and 10.39 t.ha-1, respectively).
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Water level control and regulators have a main role in water conveyance and distribution. Despite the simplicity of structure settings in a steady-state condition, applying an appropriate setting in unsteady flow is complicated. Hence,... more
Water level control and regulators have a main role in water conveyance and distribution. Despite the simplicity of structure settings in a steady-state condition, applying an appropriate setting in unsteady flow is complicated. Hence, control logic is used to set these structures, usually developed in languages such as MATLAB, Python, and FORTRAN. To use these logics, they must be combined with hydraulic models. In HEC-RAS, there is an elevation controlled water level boundary condition that can be used to control structures. In this research, the evaluation of the performance of this boundary condition was considered to regulate the water level in the E1R1 canal of the Dez network. The results showed that the rate of opening and closing of the gate has a significant impact on the performance, and if they are chosen correctly, the depth changes will be small. The results showed that the IAE indicator is around 1 percent in all the examined options and except in a few cases where the maximum value of MAE exceeds 10 percent and reaches up to 15 percent, its value is also low. Therefore, it is suggested to use this boundary condition in the control of structures.
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The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of climate change on temperature, precipitation, and future droughts in Al-Shatar and Khorramabad stations, for this purpose, the output of the general circulation model MRI-ESM2... more
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effects of climate change on temperature, precipitation, and future droughts in Al-Shatar and Khorramabad stations, for this purpose, the output of the general circulation model MRI-ESM2 according to the latest IPCC report (sixth report) and the emission scenarios SSP 1.2.6, SSP 2.4 5, SSP 3.7.0 and SSP 5.8.5 were used in these study areas. Using the decision tree model (M5 Tree), the most dominant predictor variables of the MRI-ESM2 model were selected. Next, the predictor variables were included as input in the advanced artificial neural network (FFNN) statistical microscale model and with the firefly optimization algorithm (FFA), the process The exponential micro-scale of precipitation parameters, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature for the base period (1970-2014) was carried out with favorable results in the studied stations. After proving the capability of the neural network model, forecasting the average temperature and monthly precipitation changes during the near future periods (2062 2023-2023) and the distant future (2063-2100) were carried out under the scenarios of the joint socio-economic trajectories (SSP) related to the coupled model of the sixth phase (CMIP6). In general, the results showed that these variables in both future periods On a monthly scale will have several fluctuations, so that in the two stations of Aleshtar and Khorramabad, during the periods of the near future and the distant future, the maximum temperature, and the minimum temperature will have an increasing trend compared to the observation period in all SSP scenarios, and the minimum temperature changes compared to The maximum temperature will be higher in the near future The annual rainfall of Elshtar station will decrease between 0.3 Percent and 16 Percent and Khorramabad station between Seven percent and 12 Percent under SSP scenarios. In the distant future, the average annual precipitation of Aleshatar station will decrease between 10-20 Percent and Khorramabad station between 12-24% under SSP scenarios.
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The present study was conducted to survey water use efficiency in onion production and field evaluation of its improvement strategies. In the first phase, 12 onion farms located in Zanjan plain were selected and studied. The factors... more
The present study was conducted to survey water use efficiency in onion production and field evaluation of its improvement strategies. In the first phase, 12 onion farms located in Zanjan plain were selected and studied. The factors related to productivity such as inflow discharge, water consumption, irrigation program, soil nutrition, crop yield, production costs and revenue were determined and then the physical and economic indicators of water productivity were calculated. In the second phase, irrigation management was implemented as a practical solution to improve water use efficiency in the control treatments and compared with the results from actual conditions. Based on the results of field monitoring, the average volume of water consumption in onion farms was obtained about 19626 m3/ha and the average water productivity indices CPD, BPD, and NBPD were calculated 3.14 kg/m3, 68 and 40 thousand Rials/m3, respectively. On average, implementation of proper irrigation program led to a reduction of 58 percent of water consumption and, consequently, an increase of 147 percent of the water use efficiency index in experimental farms. Using the wrong pattern in irrigation programming and lack of control and supervision over the exploitation of water resources were identified as the main reasons for excessive water consumption in onion farms. The results showed that only by correcting the irrigation time, the volume of water consumption can be reduced significantly and the water use efficiency can be improved.
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Climate change is one of the most important factors affecting the world's climate. Due to the importance of estimating these effects, it is necessary to use appropriate tools and models to estimate the effects of climate change on... more
Climate change is one of the most important factors affecting the world's climate. Due to the importance of estimating these effects, it is necessary to use appropriate tools and models to estimate the effects of climate change on climatic variables (especially temperature and precipitation). For this purpose, the use of Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs) as the most common of these tools, has found a lot of use in studies related to climate change. In this regard, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the latest AOGCMs related to the sixth IPCC assessment report of IPCC in in different regions of Iran. For this purpose, the historical outputs of 10 AOGCMs in the period 1980 to 2014 were extracted from the IPCC database and compared with the ERA5 reanalysis data of the ECMWF center. This comparison was based on RMSE, Pearson correlation coefficient and Kling-Gupta combined index (KGE). The results showed that different models do not have the same accuracy in estimating the temperature and precipitation of Iran in different months of the year. The variability of the model errors in precipitation estimation were more than the variability of these errors in temperature estimation. On the annual scale, the results showed that the IPSL-CM6A-LR model had the best performance in estimating temperature and the HadGEM3-GC31-LL model had the best performance in estimating annual precipitation. Also, the results showed that the error rate of these models was lower in central and eastern regions of Iran than the other regions.
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In this research, the simulation and phase transfer of heavy metal solution in the river has been done by developing a one-dimensional qualitative model. Environmental parameters (T), temperature, dissolved oxygen, (DO) (pH) and salinity... more
In this research, the simulation and phase transfer of heavy metal solution in the river has been done by developing a one-dimensional qualitative model. Environmental parameters (T), temperature, dissolved oxygen, (DO) (pH) and salinity (EC) are considered as influencing parameters on the change in the concentration of the solution phase of heavy metals lead, cadmium and zinc in springs and wells of the displacement-diffusion equation. Became to determine the above hydrodynamic and environmental parameters for use in the developed model, Hec-Ras hydrodynamic model and Qual2kw qualitative model have been used. In decoupling the spring and well terms of the displacement-diffusion equation of the qualitative model developed using the measured data from the Sarouk River, various relationships were considered to relate the kinetic coefficient of the first-order reaction of the dissolved phase of heavy metals to the above environmental parameters. And to find the constant coefficients of these relations, the method of minimization of simulation errors and Vba coding was used, and the linear relation including all the above parameters is considered as the final relation. The kinetic coefficient of the reaction is different in different parts of the river, and to simulate and determine the concentration of the solution phase of heavy metals at each point, the kinetic coefficient of the reaction corresponding to the same point should be used. Also, there is a significant increase in the accuracy of the developed model if the above environmental parameters are used in the spring and well term of displacement-diffusion equations and the effect of other qualitative parameters is insignificant, which indicates its proper efficiency in simulating the dissolved phase of heavy metals in the river.
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Evapotranspiration calculations by the FAO Penman-Monteith method require many parameters, the lack of some of which makes the calculations difficult. On the other hand, it is necessary to use methods that are easier to calculate and are... more
Evapotranspiration calculations by the FAO Penman-Monteith method require many parameters, the lack of some of which makes the calculations difficult. On the other hand, it is necessary to use methods that are easier to calculate and are easily understood by farmers. One of the indirect methods of estimating reference evapotranspiration is the pan evaporation method, which can be considered as a suitable index to estimate the evapotranspiration of the reference plant and finally the main plant. In this method, in order to calculate the potential evapotranspiration, the results of pan evaporation must be multiplied by the pan coefficient. Accurate calculations related to the estimation of the pan coefficient are very important because it can be used for irrigation planning when there is no lysimeter equipment. In this study, by using of daily, hourly meteorological data, and data from class pan A evaporation from meteorological stations of Kermanshah province in the long term, potential evapotranspiration values of the FAO Penman-Monteith and then pan coefficients were calculated. The index coefficients as a measure of estimation methods for Cuenca, Allan, Snyder, Modified Snyder, and Orang were used. The results showed that the, Orang and modified Snyder method had a higher level of accuracy compared to the other methods. The R2 with Orang method for different cities of Islamabad Gharb, Qasr-e Shirin, Kermanshah, Sararood, Sonqor, Gilan-e Gharb, Sarpol-e zahab, Kangavar were determined as: 0.84, 0.77, 0.72, 0.76, 0.85, 0.79, 0.77, and 0.73, respectively. Finally, the values of pan coefficients calculated by all methods in study stations in different months were calculated and presented. It is hoped that the results of this study will be used by managers and farmers in the region.
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The quality parameters of the river, including electrical conductivity, are highly dependent on changes in flow rate. Adding the flow rate parameter to the simulation of this parameter can increase the certainty of the simulation results.... more
The quality parameters of the river, including electrical conductivity, are highly dependent on changes in flow rate. Adding the flow rate parameter to the simulation of this parameter can increase the certainty of the simulation results. For this reason, in this study, random forest, CARMA and CARMA-GARCH models were used to model the electrical conductivity values in Gerdyaghoub, Kutar and Bitas stations in Mahabadchai basin, taking into account the flow rates. In this regard, the monthly values of electrical conductivity and flow discharge in the statistical period 1986-2018 were used. The results were analyzed using Nash-Sutcliffe statistics, root mean square error and violin plot. The results of evaluation the root mean square error and Nash-Sutcliffe statistics showed that the simulation results of CARMA-GARCH model compared to CARMA model in Bitas and Kuter stations as well as the training step in Gerdyaghoub station were improved. The results showed that the combination of nonlinear and linear models could improve the modeling error in three stations, Gerdyaghoub, Kotar and Bitas in the training step of 9.56, 9.70 and 21.68 percent. By examining the violin plots, the results showed acceptable accuracy and performance of CARMA and CARMA-GARCH models compared to the random forest model. In general, the results showed that time series models have higher accuracy in bivariate simulating of electrical conductivity values in the study area.
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Lack of water resources in Mazandaran province and the volume of effluent produced in different sectors, has caused that in order to reduce the withdrawal of surface and groundwater resources in the province, the use and management of... more
Lack of water resources in Mazandaran province and the volume of effluent produced in different sectors, has caused that in order to reduce the withdrawal of surface and groundwater resources in the province, the use and management of unconventional water resources, much attention is paid. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the application of unconventional water use scenarios on the amount of runoff and sediment in six stations (including Kordakhil, Garmroud, Varand, Vastan, Parvijabad and Aliabad stations) in the Tejn watershed during the years 2000 to 2017 using the SWAT model. Recalibration and validation of the model using data from 2003 to 2012 and 2013 to 2017 and then to evaluate the scenarios of allocating 30% of the available wastewater for agriculture (scenario one), allocating 30% of unconventional water to feed aquifers in the conditions of applying scenario one (scenario two) and a 20% reduction in the extraction of underground water sources for irrigation and the use of unconventional water sources as alternative sources to meet environmental needs (scenario three). Evaluating the efficiency of the model using R2 and NSE coefficients shows the proper performance of the model in simulating these two parameters. The results indicate that the application of scenario one did not affect the amount of runoff and sediment in the basin, but with the application of scenario two, the amount of runoff and sediment decreased by 13.4% and 9.1%, respectively. Applying Scenario three should be 10 to 20% of the annual discharge for the second six months and 30 to 40% of the average annual discharge for the first six months of the year in order to meet the environmental needs. The results obtained from the present research show that the use of non-conventional water, in addition to solving the water shortage, also reduces the problems caused by the flow of runoff and the settling of sediments.
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The largest area of rainfed fig orchards in the world, with more than 22000 hectares, is located in Estahban, Fars province. During the last two decades due to frequent droughts and lack of fresh water resources in this area, the saline... more
The largest area of rainfed fig orchards in the world, with more than 22000 hectares, is located in Estahban, Fars province. During the last two decades due to frequent droughts and lack of fresh water resources in this area, the saline groundwater has been applied for irrigating fig trees. In the past, no comprehensive research has been done on the effects of supplemental irrigation with saline water on rainfed fig orchards. This study investigated the effects of saline irrigation water (7.38-7.8 dS/m) and high soil electrical conductivity on the quality and quantity of rainfed fig during 2010-2011. Experiments were carried out in a private rainfed fig orchard located in the village of Khane-Ket by sampling soil and roots in different parts of the garden. The results showed high tolerance of fig trees to high EC values of water and soil. However, increasing soil salinity under uniform irrigation conditions reduced the yield. Based on the results, there is a negative linear correlation between salinity and yield, with the coefficient of determination (R2) equal to 0.5. A 36 percent reduction in EC values could increase the yield by 68 percent. Also, the regression equation between EC at different depths and the amount of production was obtained. Also, by determining the EC profile in the soil, its maximum value was found at a depth of 60-90 cm. In terms of fruit quality, soil salinity did not significantly affect fruit color and size; however, it increased the total soluble solids (TSS) of fruits.
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Groundwater inflow is one of the most important problems in Constructing a conveyance tunnel. Increasing pressure on the tunnel wall and reducing its stability, the related issues of drainage and pumping, destructive impacts on the... more
Groundwater inflow is one of the most important problems in Constructing a conveyance tunnel. Increasing pressure on the tunnel wall and reducing its stability, the related issues of drainage and pumping, destructive impacts on the mechanical and geological condition of the tunnel surrounding environment, loss of life, increased costs, and advance delays are among the most important challenges that can be existed during excavation. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate the amount of water inflow and predict the required measures previously. Conventional techniques for estimating the water inflow are analytical-experimental techniques whose efficiency in complex heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifers is always tainted. Accordingly, this study intends to investigate the effectiveness of the Meshfree (Mfree) numerical method for simulating the groundwater level in the environment surrounding the Safarood water transfer tunnel in Kerman. Also, considering the uncertainty analysis, uncertainty of parameters (hydraulic conductivity), input data, and structure of numerical modeling were addressed using DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) algorithm. Hence, an open-source framework based on a Mfree numerical method and DREAM algorithm was proposed for the simulation-optimization process of groundwater level prediction in the environment surrounding the tunnel, and finally, the water inflow discharge was estimated. The results of uncertainty analysis indicated that hydraulic conductivity parameters may be ranged between 0.0002 to 0.2 m/day in different homogeneous zones. Also, the study of thin sections samples collected from field observation shows that hydrothermal conditions have influenced directly the alteration of rocks and minerals in some zones and likely it is the main factor in increasing permeability in these areas. The results showed that the recorded input data has a four percent underestimation. The uncertainty of the parameters involved with the structure of numerical modeling also proved that to obtain an adequate accuracy, the size of the local domain must be about 0.85, and the support domain should be considered at least three nodes to estimate the weight function. The simulation results of groundwater level fluctuations using the derived true values of parameters showed that there is a good accuracy between the observed and simulated values (the RMSE index was estimated to be about 2.531 meters). In addition, the assessment of numerical simulation of groundwater inflow into tunnel indicated that inflow rate in the north and south parts is respectively 72.43 and 09.45 l/s.
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The lead-time and accuracy of the precipitation forecasts have a substantial influence on the flood forecast and warning systems. The application of Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts (EPFs) derived from numerical precipitation models has... more
The lead-time and accuracy of the precipitation forecasts have a substantial influence on the flood forecast and warning systems. The application of Ensemble Precipitation Forecasts (EPFs) derived from numerical precipitation models has been developed due to their impact on increasing flood lead-time. This research aims to improve the skill of numerical precipitation models using post-processing techniques. In this regard, EPFs of three meteorological models, e.g., NCEP, UKMO, and KMA, were extracted for sex precipitation events leading to flood in the Dez river basin during 2013-2019. The statistical approaches and data-driven model were applied to post-process the EPFs. For this purpose, the raw forecast of every single model was corrected using linear and power regression models. Then, the corrected output of single models was combined using the proposed model of Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH). The results indicated that Power Regression Model (PRM) outperformed the linear models to correct raw forecasts. After correction of models' output, more accurate results were obtained by NCEP and UKMO models. Moreover, the Multi-Model Ensemble (MME) system constructed by the GMDH model (MME_GMDH) had a great effect on the skill of numerical precipitation models, so that the Nash–Sutcliffe and normalized error (NRMSE) efficiency criteria for MME_GMDH respectively were improved on average 23% and 11% in comparison with the PRM. A comparative assessment of the discrimination capability of MME with single ensemble models using ROC curve at the thresholds of 2.5 and 10 mm represented a higher discrimination ability by MME_GMDH for both thresholds. Post-processed EPFs exert as a reliable input to the hydrological models for extreme events forecast.
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Rainfall-runoff simulation is one of the most important challenges in the management of water resources in each basin, considering the climatic changes and the increase of extreme values in recent years, especially in different regions of... more
Rainfall-runoff simulation is one of the most important challenges in the management of water resources in each basin, considering the climatic changes and the increase of extreme values in recent years, especially in different regions of Iran. In this study, the rainfall and runoff values in the statistical period of 1993-2019 were used regarding the rainfall-runoff simulation in the Qale Shahrokh sub-basin in the Zayandeh-Rood Dam basin. In this study, the Vine copula-based simulation approach was used to simulate and joint frequency analysis the flow discharge in Qale Shahrokh station given by the rainfall in Chelgerd, Meyheh and Marghmalek stations. By analyzing the tree sequence of vine copulas and using internal rotated copulas, D-vine copula was selected as the best copula based on the studied statistics. By using the best copula and the conditional relationship c(u4|u1,u2,u3), the flow discharge simulation was done given by rainfall of the upstream stations. The simulation results showed an error rate equal to 18.57 (m3/s) based on the RMSE statistic and the efficiency of the model was 86% based on the NSE statistic. The results of the simulation of flow discharge values given by rainfall in the upstream stations showed that the proposed approach has simulated the average of observed values with high accuracy. By considering the condition of rainfall occurrence in the frequency analysis of flow discharge in Qale Shahrokh station, the joint return period curve and the conditional probability of occurrence in this sub-basin were obtained. Using this curve, it is possible to estimate the flow discharge values of the studied station with high accuracy along with different return periods and different probability of occurrence. Considering the fact that the proposed method is based on the condition of rainfall in the region as well as the marginal distribution according to the data, it has no implementation limitations and is somehow specific to the studied region.
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The concept of risk is considered as a method and technique in expressing the emergence and presentation of risks. There are different approaches to present this concept, one of these techniques is using the fishbone method. On the other... more
The concept of risk is considered as a method and technique in expressing the emergence and presentation of risks. There are different approaches to present this concept, one of these techniques is using the fishbone method. On the other hand, determining the risk without knowing the conceptual dimensions is meaningless, so the purpose of this study is to use a combination of brainstorming, SWOT and fish bone decision making methods to analyze the main causes of accidents and risks associated with canals, deal with details, categories classifying them and turning threats into opportunities. After holding brainstorming sessions to identify the damage to the canals, the SWOT matrix based on weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats was completed and the root causes were analyzed using the fishbone method. The results of the SWOT method showed that the proposed strategies should be defined as conservative strategies in terms of strength from the perspective of internal factors with a score of 2.57 and threats from the perspective of external factors with a score of 2.49. On the other hand, the results of the risks of using the aqueduct are divided into two categories: potential risks of the aqueduct and effective external risks, and the results indicate the high importance of technological risks with an average score of 7.85, which is why conservative strategies based on risk conditions were defined. The results and strategies presented in this study can provide appropriate management approaches to the trustees for the optimal use of this water source.
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The Afghanistan-Pakistan belt is of great geopolitical significance due to the location of Gilgit-Baltistan (a part of the disputed region of Kashmir), the strategic Wakhan Corridor, the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA), and the... more
The Afghanistan-Pakistan belt is of great geopolitical significance due to the location of Gilgit-Baltistan (a part of the disputed region of Kashmir), the strategic Wakhan Corridor, the Federally Administered Tribal Area (FATA), and the Khyber Pass, as well as one of the most important world's drug trade passway in southern Afghanistan and Pakistani Baluchistan. Conflicts over the Kabul river basin management, which originates in Afghanistan and enters Pakistan through the Khyber Pass, have exacerbated the complexity of the issues related to the belt. Using a descriptive-analytical method and referring to library resources, this article has analyzed the various hydropolitical dimensions of this river and the roots of the conflict between two riparians to identify a part of the issues related to this belt. The results reveal that the dispute between the two riparian countries on managing shared water in the Kabul river basin is not limited to related technical issues. This conflict is part of a intertwined set of disputes on economic, geographical, political, security, and legal issues; without considering these complex dimensions, it is impossible to understand the type of disputes over this river and its roots.
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There are two limitations in the analysis of drought characteristics, which this study has investigated and resolved. First, the limitation of the length of the statistical period regarding the presentation of meteorological drought... more
There are two limitations in the analysis of drought characteristics, which this study has investigated and resolved. First, the limitation of the length of the statistical period regarding the presentation of meteorological drought characteristics and the other is the frequency analysis. The first case was solved by using CRU climate data and the second case by using copula functions in this research. In this study, while checking the accuracy of the rainfall values extracted from the CRU climate model on a monthly scale, the frequency analysis of drought severity and duration characteristics based on the SPI index in the Zarinehrood basin has been analyzed. The results of the investigations showed that the values of the CRU scenario have a suitable accuracy and error rate with the observational data and have a suitable certainty. By extending the statistical period to 60 years, the SPI index was estimated in the studied area, which indicates the increase in the severity and duration of droughts in recent years. 45% of the studied statistical period had a lack of rainfall and 8% of the studied months were faced with severe drought. By choosing the distribution of generalized extreme values and logistic for drought severity and duration series in the studied stations, Frank's copula was selected for drought severity-duration pair variable. The results of investigation and joint analysis of drought severity -duration pair variables led to the presentation of drought probability curves in the region, which estimate the regional characteristics of drought with different probabilities. The presented approach has better performance due to the increase of time series memory and the use of joint distribution and copula functions and shows the characteristics of drought better.
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In the present study, in order to optimally use the water and soil resources of Mazandaran province according to the potential of the region, the comparative method was used. For this purpose, the current situation of the province was... more
In the present study, in order to optimally use the water and soil resources of Mazandaran province according to the potential of the region, the comparative method was used. For this purpose, the current situation of the province was first identified in terms of water and soil resources and the cultivation pattern, and in the next step, by comparing and adapting other regions of the world that have similar climatic conditions to Mazandaran province, modeling the experiences of those countries in the field of crop cultivation It was carried out according to the potential of the region. The results of the comparison phase showed that a total of 158 points on the earth had the same climate level as Mazandaran province. Based on the comparative results obtained, the current cultivation pattern in Mazandaran province should be slightly changed according to water and soil resources. The cultivated area of products such as cotton, which has been favored by farmers in this province in the past, can increase again in this province as a suitable product for the textile industry. Also, a tree like olive that can be used in different fields (eating raw, extracting oil and animal fodder) and considering that in Mazandaran climate, in many mountainous areas of this province, olive oil extracting species have shown good performance, Therefore, this product can also be recommended. Also, the possibility of growing some new crops in Mazandaran province, which was done through interviews with the professors of Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources and research projects, which products such as medicinal plants are also suggested.
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Due to population growth and industrial progress, the only important issue isn`t the lack of water resources, but besides that, the issues of runoff management, its quality, and urban wastewater management are also important. In this... more
Due to population growth and industrial progress, the only important issue isn`t the lack of water resources, but besides that, the issues of runoff management, its quality, and urban wastewater management are also important. In this research, Goorsuzan estuary located in Bandar Abbas city, Hormozgan province, was studied in terms of water quality. SWMM rainfall-runoff dynamic model was used for quality modeling of regional runoff. Hydraulic modeling was done for four precipitation events. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that three parameters, percentage of impermeability of sub-basins, curve number and channel roughness coefficient, were the most effective parameters, respectively. Calibration and verification were done based on the objective functions of MRE and N.S. Its results were within the very good range of matching the model with the observational data for four times. Finally, qualitative modeling was done for four target pollutants, including COD, TDS, NO 2 and PO 4 , and the qualitative results showed that the model was in good agreement with the observational laboratory data. At the end, three scenarios were considered to solve the problem. The first scenario showed the reduction of TDS pollutant concentration up to 84.52 percent. The results of the second scenario for COD, NO 2 and PO 4 pollutants reduced up to 100 percent and the application of the third scenario effectively reduced TDS, PO 4 , COD and NO 2 pollutants. Based on the results of this research, the amount of water pollution around Goorsuzan without wastewater management is more than the standard and the runoff from rainfall does not help to reduce pollution.
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Adaptation to water shortage requires systematic planning for water productivity improvement. In this research, some solutions were presented and were prioritized to increase water productivity in the eastern and western regions of the... more
Adaptation to water shortage requires systematic planning for water productivity improvement. In this research, some solutions were presented and were prioritized to increase water productivity in the eastern and western regions of the Qazvin irrigation network. The gross biomass water productivity and the net biomass water productivity was obtained 0.8-3 and 1.7-4 Kg/m 3 , respectively. The provided solutions were considered in four categories of technical, management, organizational and agricultural solutions. Data were analyzed using the average and the standard deviation indices and independent t-test. The importance and impact of solutions to improve productivity in the upstream and downstream of the network were obtained 4.08±0.8 and 4.26±0.75 (out of five points), respectively which shows that the impact of these solutions in improving the productivity of the downstream area of the network is more than the upstream area of the network. T-test showed that some of these factors have significant differences in the east and west of the network and Solutions can be provided separately upstream and downstream of the network to improve productivity. By analyzing the results obtained from the independent T-test, A2, A3, A6, A13 and A17 are effective factors in improving the water productivity in the downstream of the network, and by using these factors in the upstream. The results of this study and the downstream and upstream productivity analysis approach can be used by researchers and managers in planning to improve water productivity in the agricultural sector.
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The quality monitoring of groundwater networks is of great importance due to its importance in different sectors of agriculture, drinking, industry, etc., and the necessity of its periodic use leads to the recognition of quality changes... more
The quality monitoring of groundwater networks is of great importance due to its importance in different sectors of agriculture, drinking, industry, etc., and the necessity of its periodic use leads to the recognition of quality changes of water resources in different periods. In this study, the entropy theory based on random forest was used to quality monitoring of electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) in the groundwater of 12 wells in the Tasouj plain located in south of Lake Urmia from 2002 through 2019. In order to investigate the interaction of wells in the aquifer area, the conventional method (multivariate regression) and the random forest algorithm were used. By comparing the performance of the two mentioned models in simulating EC and TDS values in a 12-variable mode, the results showed that the random forest model has a better performance and a lower error rate than the multi-variable regression model. On average, the random forest algorithm reduced the error rate by 40% and 56% in simulation EC and TDS values, respectively, in the studied aquifer. The ranking results of the studied wells showed that the Qara Tape well has the highest rank and the Amestjan well has the least important rank among the studied wells, which indicates the importance of the information extracted from the Qara Tape well. According to the zoning of the information transformation index in the aquifer area, the results showed that there is no limitation in monitoring of EC values in the aquifer, and the scattering of the wells is the best. There is no shortage of wells in terms of exchange of salinity information in the study area. Regarding the TDS values, a lack of wells was observed in the central areas and the eastern and western border areas.
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This study aims to investigate and specify surface and groundwater sources portions in the physical supply table of the environmental-economic water accounting method (SEEWA-Water) in the Abshar Irrigation District through the developing... more
This study aims to investigate and specify surface and groundwater sources portions in the physical supply table of the environmental-economic water accounting method (SEEWA-Water) in the Abshar Irrigation District through the developing hydraulic simulation model of flow in the main & lateral canals, spatial analysis of surface water distribution process, and water extraction analysis from exploitation tube-wells located in the district. For this purpose, the simulation of water distribution within irrigated units was conducted by developing the integral-delay simulator model in MATLAB. Then, spatial analysis of surface water distribution adequacy was carried out in GIS under different operational scenarios. The simulation results of surface water distribution indicated the decreasing trend of the adequacy of surface water distribution and delivery from upstream to downstream catchments. The spatial analysis results showed the share of surface and groundwater separately for 59 villages with rights and then for each village according to the main crops. The results showed that the surface water distributed in each sub-channels upstream and downstream villages provided 35-48 percent and 60-49 percent of agricultural demand, respectively. The spatial analysis (the water resources portions based on the main crops of the cropping pattern) reveals the customized components in the physical supply table in the SEEA-Water accounting method for an irrigation district, surface & groundwater water resources share, and distribution losses in Abshar Irrigation District.
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Most of methods to determine environmental flow in Iran have been dealt with the required depth for movement of target species whilst that interaction of flow and turbulence in river morphology should be paid more attention. Flow... more
Most of methods to determine environmental flow in Iran have been dealt with the required depth for movement of target species whilst that interaction of flow and turbulence in river morphology should be paid more attention. Flow turbulence could be of significance in rivers, however, it has rarely been considered in river restoration and habitat evaluation, due to its complexity. In this paper, attempts have been made to review the interaction between hydrodynamics and organisms and their measurements in rivers to signify the turbulence investigation in river management. In this concern turbulence properties related to the flow environment (i. e. inclusive, intensity, frequency and flow structures) have been studied. In addition, role of vegetation cover and organisms have been investigated in-depth in the flow structures. In this connection, potential threats and opportunities have been put forward for river wildlife conservation. With regards to limited knowledge of this topic in Iran, this research could enable scientists and practitioners to understand the challenges for interaction of turbulence and restoration, particularly ecologically, in rivers.
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The ecosystem service of water yield is affected by damaging human activities, and the estimation of its quantity through modeling is the first step to sustainable management of this service. This research applied the InVEST... more
The ecosystem service of water yield is affected by damaging human activities, and the estimation of its quantity through modeling is the first step to sustainable management of this service. This research applied the InVEST hydrological model to quantify the ecosystem service of water yield and its valuation in the northern arid and semi-arid sub-basins of Kerman province. First, for modelling the water yield were entered the maps such as annual average precipitation, depth of root limiting layers, plant accessible water capacity, land use/land cover (LULC), and the boundaries of the basin and sub-basins, and the approximate amount of actual evapotranspiration (AET) in each pixel. Then maps of estimated water yield in each pixel was obtained. The model calculated 5112.43 million cubic meters of water with a value of more than 418500 billion Rails are produced annually, the highest amount of water yield is in sub-basin one (Abargho-Sirjan) with 2103 million cubic meters per year and the lowest amount of water yield in sub-region three (north Kavir-e lut) with the amount of 741.84 MCM. The results showed that the value of supply the water yield service is strongly influenced by the spatial changes of LULC. Dense range lands produce 27630.7 MCM of water per hectare, and each hectare of dense forest can produce 1104.6 MCM of water. Therefore the role of vegetation shows the influence of water infiltration and feeding of aquifers in high areas. The results of this study can be used in spatial planning to reduce the destructive effects of floods and droughts, prevent land degradation and develop vegetation, feed aquifers, and also estimate damages in green accounting.
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This study aimed to estimate groundwater recharge along with other balance components (runoff, evapotranspiration, and transpiration) in Hashtgerd plain, using the WetSpass-M distribution model in the conditions of climate change and land... more
This study aimed to estimate groundwater recharge along with other balance components (runoff, evapotranspiration, and transpiration) in Hashtgerd plain, using the WetSpass-M distribution model in the conditions of climate change and land use in the next 30 years. To study the effects of climate change, the output of five models under four emission scenarios, i.e., RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5 of the Fifth Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC) was utilized. The LARS-WG model was also used for the downscaleing of the climatic data. Land-use mapping was performed using Landsat images in 1990, 2005, and 2020 processed in ENVI 5.3. The Markov chain method in TerrSet software was used to predict land-use changes for 2050. In the end, the effect of climate change and land use on underground water supply and other water balance components was simulated using the WetSpass-M distribution model for the period 2050-2020 and the effect of climate and land use scenarios was applied on it. The climate change results showed that the annual temperature will increase by 1.2 and 3.2 degrees Celsius until 2050 for the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, respectively, and the annual precipitation will decrease by 1.95 and 4.47 Percent for both scenarios. The results of land use change show an increase of 105, 41, and 8 percent for residential, barren, and agricultural land, respectively, and a 94 percent decrease in pastures. With the increase of residential and barren uses and the decrease of pastureland, the permeability of the land will decrease, and as a result, the amount of surface discharge of the aquifer will decrease. Estimates, in general, showed that climate change has caused a decrease, land use change has increased the feeding of the aquifer in such a way that in the most critical scenario the amount of feeding will reach 220.6, and the balance of the aquifer will reach 115.9 million cubic meters per year. Because of climate and land use changes, the share of evaporation and transpiration has increased and the share of rescharge and runoff from precipitation has decreased. In general, in the highlands due to more rainfall and in agricultural areas due to irrigation return water, the contribution of underground water supply has increased.
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Global database and satellite products with high spatial and time-lapse power, can be seen as a suitable alternative source for conducting studies of water balance components in statistically deficient areas and areas with no uniform... more
Global database and satellite products with high spatial and time-lapse power, can be seen as a suitable alternative source for conducting studies of water balance components in statistically deficient areas and areas with no uniform distribution of stations. Use of this data provided that it has sufficient accuracy, for Iran, which many of its parts, especially desert and mountainous areas, due to the low density of stations, the short statistical period of new stations always faces problems of accessing local and time information in the region. They will be, of great importance it is. The main goal of the research is to assess the global database and satellite products to estimate real rainfall, Evapotranspiration, and changes in water storage in the Tashk-Bakhtegan basin. Used GLDAS, PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS, NCEP database to assess the rainfall according to our objectives. For real Evapotranspiration, the real amounts of evaporation and absorption were first extracted based on the Balance Torrent White equation, and the results were evaluated by the GLDAS database, GLEAM. The GRACE satellite was used to estimate the changes in the region's water reserves and to assess it the GLDAS satellite was used to extract annual changes in groundwater. Results obtained showed that the PERSIANN-CDR database performed best and consistent with its observational data across all statistical indicators before and after the Bias correction. GLEAM also had the best statistical performance in estimating Evapotranspiration before and after correction with Balance Torrent White Equation data. Comparison of the observation levels of underground water with data extracted from GRACE and GLDAS satellites indicates the existence of a similar trend, and, based on the power of GRACE's low locality segregation and the low area studied, the results for groundwater changes and Ground water is acceptable. The results of the present study show data from the PERSIANN-CDR satellite for rain, GLEAM model for real evaporation and absorption and GRACE satellite for estimating ground water changes as a convenient tool for making early, quick and low-cost estimates on Water Balance Components It will be used.
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Economic valuation of water has an important and decisive role in the efficient allocation of water resources, appropriate policies and effective decisionmaking. The literature of the country contains a large number of articles and... more
Economic valuation of water has an important and decisive role in the efficient allocation of water resources, appropriate policies and effective decisionmaking. The literature of the country contains a large number of articles and significant efforts in the field of economic valuation of water. The extent and diversity of Published studies requires that a general overview of the economic valuation of water in the country be provided by reviewing these studies. In this article, by extracting, categorizing and analyzing the existing studies on water valuation in different sectors of the economy, we try to reach a general conclusion about the policies proposed and common methods in these studies. In addition, this paper attempts to identify study gaps by critique of the methods used and, finally, offers suggestions for future research in the field of water economic valuation. According to the summary, increasing the price of water in all uses, including industrial, urban and agricultural uses, is recommended. The conditions for water value-based pricing are available for industrial and urban use, and in the agricultural sector requires government support and technology development. The economic value of water-related ecosystem services is among the highest levels of economic value in water uses. Therefore, it is recommended that conservation of natural flow in aquatic ecosystems be a priority for resource allocation.
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The demand for freshwater is increasingly increasing, while the limited water resources are subject to over-harvesting, pollution, and climate change, which require the improvement of water resource management to distribute it equitably... more
The demand for freshwater is increasingly increasing, while the limited water resources are subject to over-harvesting, pollution, and climate change, which require the improvement of water resource management to distribute it equitably and achieve It highlights the goals of sustainable development. A low-cost option to support better water management strategies is to develop models capable of predicting available water amounts, especially amounts related to precipitation and river flow. Climatic diversity and climate changes are basic assumptions for hydro climatological predictions. One of the remarkable aspects of this issue is the correlation between large-scale atmospheric-oceanic phenomena or long-term patterns with hydrological processes on a local scale, and these patterns can also affect the inflow to the dams. This study uses three machine learning models, an artificial neural network, a Bayesian neural network, and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system to predict the inflow to the dams and evaluate their efficiency. For this purpose, 12 scenarios consisting of rainfall variables, inflow to the dam, and nine climatic indicators with a delay of up to six-time steps were designed to investigate the effect of using long-term models as predictive variables of the flow one month later in Amirkabir Dam. to be placed The analysis of the results of this research showed that the use of the Nino3.4 index with one-time step delay as well as the PDO index with two-time step delays can increase the accuracy of the model compared to the scenarios in which only station variables are used. to be According to the results, the Nino 3.4 index was found to be the most effective index on the inflow to Amirkabir Dam, and the scenario in which the mentioned index along with the rainfall and flow data of one and two months before was used as input, in all three The model recorded the highest accuracy. Also, the performance of the ANFIS model for the mentioned scenario (scenario 9), with RMSE and R2 values, equal to 5.69 and 0.79 cubic meters per second, respectively, was better than the ANN and BNN models, so the value of the R2 index for the best scenario consisting of station variables (scenario 5), it increased by 0.15 and the value of RMSE index decreased by 0.78 cubic meters.
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It is common to use different data mining methods in drought prediction. However, the selection of the best model is mainly based on the accuracy of the simulation, while most of the studies do not mention the features of the models. In... more
It is common to use different data mining methods in drought prediction. However, the selection of the best model is mainly based on the accuracy of the simulation, while most of the studies do not mention the features of the models. In this paper, the performance of the most common data mining models, including Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network (ANN-MLP), Radial Base Function Neural Network (ANN-RBF), Regression Decision Tree (CART), Model Tree (M5P), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) is evaluated in order to predict monthly one year ahead rainfall at Bandar Abbas synoptic station and then the characteristics of each of them are described. Calibration and validation of the models were done using raw data and a three-year moving average of climatic parameters from 1347 to 1396. The performance of the models has been evaluated using different statistical indices and comparative diagrams. The results showed that the SVM and M5P models have good prediction performance with RMSE of 7.93 and 8.31 mm, the MAE of 3.66 and 4.69 mm, and the CC of 0.83 and 0.82, respectively. Also, with the exception of the CART, the change in the data mining tool makes an eight to 11 percent difference in the accuracy of the estimates. Therefore, the most appropriate model should be selected based on other characteristics of the methods besides their accuracy. In addition, using the three-year moving average of the input parameters has increased the correlation coefficient by about 78 percent and reduced the RMSE by about 63 percent. The analysis of the longterm drought situation showed that with the increase in the period of the standard precipitation index, the separation of wet and dry years becomes more specific.
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Groundwater resources are critical water resources for present and future generations. However, it has not been used sustainably in most of Iran's plains, and due to the increase in population and food demand caused by it in the last... more
Groundwater resources are critical water resources for present and future generations. However, it has not been used sustainably in most of Iran's plains, and due to the increase in population and food demand caused by it in the last century, it has been withdrawn more than in the past. The issue has been raised as a serious threat to the maintenance of livelihoods, the stability of local communities, and economic investments in the region. To prevent the continuation of this process, it seems necessary to identify, review, and formulate solutions. A variety of methods can be employed for estimating the withdrawal (country reports and hydrological modelling) and depletion (water balance methods, volume-based methods and indirect geodetic estimates or geodetic) amounts according to their limitations and characteristics. Based on literature reviews in two parts of the world and in Iran, the methods of estimation of withdrawal and depletion were evaluated to obtain a general understanding of its situation. Studies show that 800 and 184 billion cubic meters are respectively withdrawn and depleted on a global scale. In addition, there are 71 and 6.9 billion cubic meters (which is 10% and 4% of the global amount) for Iran, and this reflects Iran's dependence on groundwater resources. The dependency leads to the emergence of problems such as salinity and groundwater level depletion, subsidence and related social and economic issues. Moreover, most of the use of groundwater is linked to agriculture, and despite the decrease in its portion of withdrawals, the relationship between depletion and withdrawals has not changed.
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Food and water demand have increased as a result of population growth, economic development, and dietary changes. As a result, it is imperative to consider how to manage groundwater resources under existing and possible future conditions.... more
Food and water demand have increased as a result of population growth, economic development, and dietary changes. As a result, it is imperative to consider how to manage groundwater resources under existing and possible future conditions. Methods to assess groundwater depletion and withdrawal include volume-based methods (based on hydraulic head data, remote sensing with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and (global) groundwater models), water balance methods (based on global hydrological models and remote sensing of fluxes beside the models) and indirect geodetic or geodetic estimates. Different methods of assessing groundwater depletion and withdrawal have advantages and disadvantages. The methods based on hydraulic head data are somewhat old and if there are possible human errors in the measurement system, the uncertainty of these methods increases. On the other hand, indirect methods and the use of global models have evolved, which bring significant improvements and accuracy. However, the use of these methods depends on the existence of observational data. In fact, with the development of data collection facilities and increasing accuracy in simulation and data collection, it is possible to change the method to more accurate methods, but without having partial data, the use of these approaches is not recommended. On the other hand, this study shows that both the estimation of current depletion rates and the future availability of non-renewable groundwater in the future is very uncertain. To reduce the uncertainty in the near future, significant data and research challenges must be resolved so that the sustainability plan of groundwater resources in the country can be formulated in order to improve the sustainability program of groundwater resources considering the hydro-economics of these resources.
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In order to investigate the quality of groundwater in September 2022, 35 samples were collected from various groundwater sources in the Azarshahr plain, and the main elements, nitrates, and trace elements such as chromium, cadmium,... more
In order to investigate the quality of groundwater in September 2022, 35 samples were collected from various groundwater sources in the Azarshahr plain, and the main elements, nitrates, and trace elements such as chromium, cadmium, nickel, lead, and arsenic, as well as two types of pesticides such as imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos, were analyzed and compared to drinking water standards. The drinking water quality index for the study area was calculated based on the concentration of parameters in the samples, and the health risk of cancerous and non-cancerous diseases for two age groups, children and adults, was calculated using the criteria of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). According to the findings of the studies, the region's water quality index is average, and the non-carcinogenic risk index for children and adults is less than one. It is hazardous, but the risk of carcinogenesis in the entire region is greater than 10-4 , and its consumption poses health hazards due to skin contact. The health risk of cancer is many times higher in the region's south, in the cities of Azarshahr and Gogan, as well as the adjacent villages. The correlation between the GQI map and the health risk maps revealed that the correlation of carcinogenic risk is greater than the correlation of non-carcinogenic risk, and based on the correlation between the parameters in the region's groundwater, the elements influencing the health risk of carcinogenesis caused by geogenic factors and human activities do not play a significant role.
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This study was aimed to investigate the risk of chemical damages originated from water quality on concrete structures of Voshmgir dam and its irrigation network. In this regard, field survey and water sampling from the dam and its network... more
This study was aimed to investigate the risk of chemical damages originated from water quality on concrete structures of Voshmgir dam and its irrigation network. In this regard, field survey and water sampling from the dam and its network were carried out in June 2022. In order to determine the intensity of water chemical aggression to concrete, the results of water quality tests were analyzed using soft water aggression indices and well known international standards. Also, the temporal changes of water chemical aggression was investigated using the data received from Golestan water authority. Langelier and Ryznar indices for dam water in June 2021 are-0.6 and 8.6, respectively, and based on these indices, the dam water is corrosive and very corrosive, respectively, and the concrete structure of spillway is exposed to severe soft water attack. In all studied months, there has been aggression risk of at least one damaging agent to concrete. In December 2021, Ryznar index was 8.49 and the amounts of sulfate and magnesium were 400 and 199 mg/liter, respectively, and there has been a risk of simultaneous aggression by three factors of soft water, sulfate and magnesium. Assessment of water quality of Voshmgir dam in five months showed that the water is corrosive in four months and there is a risk of sulfate and magnesium ions reaction with concrete in two months. So, to protect the spillway's concrete structure and lining of irrigation canals against leaching by the corrosive dam water and damages originated from reaction of sulfate and magnesium ions with concrete, utilization of epoxy coatings is suggested.
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Water level control and regulators have a main role in water conveyance and distribution. Despite the simplicity of structure settings in a steady-state condition, applying an appropriate setting in unsteady flow is complicated. Hence,... more
Water level control and regulators have a main role in water conveyance and distribution. Despite the simplicity of structure settings in a steady-state condition, applying an appropriate setting in unsteady flow is complicated. Hence, control logic is used to set these structures, usually developed in languages such as MATLAB, Python, and FORTRAN. To use these logics, they must be combined with hydraulic models. In HEC-RAS, there is an elevation controlled water level boundary condition that can be used to control structures. In this research, the evaluation of the performance of this boundary condition was considered to regulate the water level in the E1R1 canal of the Dez network. The results showed that the rate of opening and closing of the gate has a significant impact on the performance, and if they are chosen correctly, the depth changes will be small. The results showed that the IAE indicator is around one percent in all the examined options and except in a few cases where the maximum value of MAE exceeds 10 percent and reaches up to 15 percent, its value is also low. Therefore, it is suggested to use this boundary condition in the control of structures.
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One of the problems of specialists and designers is the incomplete time series in hydrology studies, which causes errors in the results and complicates the implementation of projects. This issue is more acute in areas where the number of... more
One of the problems of specialists and designers is the incomplete time series in hydrology studies, which causes errors in the results and complicates the implementation of projects. This issue is more acute in areas where the number of rain gauge stations is limited. Currently, it is common to use statistical methods in order to solve statistical data gaps. The current research aims to evaluate the performance of the method of reconstructing missing values of daily rainfall using the waterData package in R software and the time disaggregation method of reconstructing annual values to daily values in the period from 1990 to 2020 using 43 stations with complete statistics among 87 selected synoptic stations. It was done in Iran. Based on the average values of the evaluation indices for two times disaggregation and reconstruction using the waterData package in R software methods, for the CC index 1 and 0.95 respectively, for the MBE index 0 and -0.01 respectively, for the RMSE index 0.3 and 1.1 respectively, for The NSE index is 0.99 and 0.89, respectively, and the CSI and POD index are 0.94 and 0.63, respectively, which shows the better performance of the time disaggregation method. The average values of Bias and FAR index for two methods are equal to -0.01 and 0, respectively, and indicate the similar performance of the two methods.
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The climate change effect on future precipitation (2040-2021) of Iran is investigated in this study. For this purpose, the results of three general circulation models (GCM) named GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES and IPSL-CM5A-LR were analyzed for... more
The climate change effect on future precipitation (2040-2021) of Iran is investigated in this study. For this purpose, the results of three general circulation models (GCM) named GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2-ES and IPSL-CM5A-LR were analyzed for two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions RCP2.6 and RCP8.5. CCT model and daily precipitation data of the base period (1986-2019) were used to downscale and bias correction of future daily precipitation data. According to the annual results, the weighted average of annual precipitation of rain gauges due to all scenarios except RCP8.5 in the IPSL-CM5A-LR model was increasing. The weighted average of seasonal precipitation in winter increased in all of the studied climate change conditions, but in other seasons the amount of precipitation decreased or increased. The highest increase in the weighted average of seasonal precipitation was in winter due to the RCP2.6 scenario and GFDL-ESM2M model (23 mm). The highest decrease in the weighted average of seasonal precipitation was in autumn due to the RSP8.5 scenario and IPSL-CM5A-LR (10.5 mm). Slight changes in mean precipitation, on the other hand, a sharp decrease in minimum precipitation (446 mm due to G3S4) and a sharp increase in maximum precipitation (233 mm due to G2S1), indicate the occurrence of severe extreme events (drought and flood) in the future.
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One of the major consumers of water and energy sources is agriculture and evaluating the performance of irrigation systems to determine the efficient use of these two sources is one of the priorities of sustainable agriculture. In this... more
One of the major consumers of water and energy sources is agriculture and evaluating the performance of irrigation systems to determine the efficient use of these two sources is one of the priorities of sustainable agriculture. In this regard, the present study has conducted a spatial analysis of water and energy consumption in Qazvin irrigation network. For this purpose, first, the dominant cropping pattern of the study area was extracted and then the water requirement was estimated for the products in the cropping pattern using CropWat 8.0 software. To estimate energy consumption, energy consumption in the sprinkler and drip irrigation systems, groundwater pumping, diesel fuel, labor, seeds, machinery (tractors and combines), chemical fertilizers, and pesticides for each available secondary field in the irrigation network was calculated. The results showed that the highest energy consumption in all secondary farms indirect energy consumption is related to diesel fuel with 40% of total energy consumption and in indirect energy consumption belongs to nitrogen fertilizer with 20% of total energy consumption. Also, in the energy used to pump water in irrigation systems at different heads required for pumping for crops in the dominant cropping pattern, alfalfa consumed the most energy with a value of 4811.44 Kwh / ha and corn consumed the least energy with a value of 1194.19 Kwh / ha. According to the results, the impact of diesel fuel, chemical fertilizers, and water pumping on energy consumption are high, thus controlling the consumption of these inputs would significantly reduce energy consumption.