Univrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Investigation of the effect of different submerging on the flow hydraulic parameters in multiple rectangular Lopac gatesInvestigation of the effect of different submerging on the flow hydraulic parameters in multiple rectangular Lopac gates2492619485310.22059/jwim.2023.365670.1106FASetareFathiDepartment of Water Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.Seyed MohsenSajjadiDepartment of Water Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz , Iran.JavadAhadiyanDepartment of Water Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.AbbasParsaieDepartment of Water Structures, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.Journal Article20230924One of the suggested ways to increase the quality of water distribution and transfer is to use Lopac gates. In this research, rectangular multiple Lopac gates have been used and the hydraulic parameters of the current have been investigated by numerical simulation and compared with the single gate state. The simulations have been performed in three discharges of 25, 35, and 45 liters per second and three openings of 35, 40, and 45 degrees, and three submerging of 70, 80, and 90% in Flow3D software and with the RNG turbulence model. By examining the stage-discharge curve, it can be seen that the permeability coefficient is higher in all absorptions in the two-gate state than in the single-gate state. Investigating the maximum speed of the results showed that this parameter has the opposite relationship with the amount of submerging, as the submerging increases, the maximum speed decreases, which is an 7.87% reduction in the two-gate state compared to the single-gate state. In the investigation of the maximum turbulent energy, the results showed that the turbulent energy has a direct relationship with the discharge and has an inverse relationship with the submerging rate, so, with the increase of submerging, the turbulent energy decreases, which will be 13% in the two-gate state compared to the single-gate state. By qualitatively investigating the flow vortices, the results showed that the vortices in the single-gate state have more strength and elongation than the two-gate state. Also, by investigating the results, it was found that the elongation and vortices strength decrease with the increase in submerging percentage.One of the suggested ways to increase the quality of water distribution and transfer is to use Lopac gates. In this research, rectangular multiple Lopac gates have been used and the hydraulic parameters of the current have been investigated by numerical simulation and compared with the single gate state. The simulations have been performed in three discharges of 25, 35, and 45 liters per second and three openings of 35, 40, and 45 degrees, and three submerging of 70, 80, and 90% in Flow3D software and with the RNG turbulence model. By examining the stage-discharge curve, it can be seen that the permeability coefficient is higher in all absorptions in the two-gate state than in the single-gate state. Investigating the maximum speed of the results showed that this parameter has the opposite relationship with the amount of submerging, as the submerging increases, the maximum speed decreases, which is an 7.87% reduction in the two-gate state compared to the single-gate state. In the investigation of the maximum turbulent energy, the results showed that the turbulent energy has a direct relationship with the discharge and has an inverse relationship with the submerging rate, so, with the increase of submerging, the turbulent energy decreases, which will be 13% in the two-gate state compared to the single-gate state. By qualitatively investigating the flow vortices, the results showed that the vortices in the single-gate state have more strength and elongation than the two-gate state. Also, by investigating the results, it was found that the elongation and vortices strength decrease with the increase in submerging percentage.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_94853_2db63a941f91e6396c8f8ad7f283ee77.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Simulating urban surface runoff and prioritizing low-impact development methods using the SWMM model (Case study: Neyshabur)Simulating urban surface runoff and prioritizing low-impact development methods using the SWMM model (Case study: Neyshabur)2632759649510.22059/jwim.2023.366666.1111FAEsmaeilHesariDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.Ali MohammadAkhoond-AliDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.Mohammad AminMaddahDepartment of Hydrology and Water Resources, Faculty of Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.Journal Article20231014Recently, the change in hydrological characteristics and the response of the urban watershed to rainfall and flooding has become increasingly evident in terms of quantity and quality for human life and resources. Preventing the waste of these effluents and consequently compensating for the lack of water resources is an effective step in this regard. In this study, rainfall-runoff simulations in SWMM were used to investigate the hydrological response of the Neyshabur urban catchment to production runoff using low-impact development methods under six different scenarios. The inflow data corresponding to the hyetograph of five precipitation events at the outlet point were collected in the field using the float method. Statistical evaluations (Nash-Sutcliffe, RMSE, percent bias, and coefficient of determination) during the calibration and validation phases proved the good performance of the model (peak-discharge and its time). The percentage of impervious surfaces was found to be the most effective parameter for peak runoff discharge. Overall, the implementation of the following scenarios was evaluated: Bio-Retention-Cell, Porous-Paver-Systems, Infiltration-Trench, Vegetative-Swale and the Combination-of-the-Scenarios resulted in a reduction in runoff of 8.51, 9.58, 15.79, 10.25 and 43 percent, respectively. Finally, in the return periods of 2, 5 and 10 years, the best performance has been achieved by Combination-of-the-Scenarios, Infiltration-Trench, Vegetative-Swale, Porous-Paver-Systems and Bio-Retention-Cell. The results of the present study have shown that the implementation of low-impact development strategies together with the conventional urban drainage network in the SWMM is a good estimate for testing the performance and implementation methods of different scenarios for experts and managers.Recently, the change in hydrological characteristics and the response of the urban watershed to rainfall and flooding has become increasingly evident in terms of quantity and quality for human life and resources. Preventing the waste of these effluents and consequently compensating for the lack of water resources is an effective step in this regard. In this study, rainfall-runoff simulations in SWMM were used to investigate the hydrological response of the Neyshabur urban catchment to production runoff using low-impact development methods under six different scenarios. The inflow data corresponding to the hyetograph of five precipitation events at the outlet point were collected in the field using the float method. Statistical evaluations (Nash-Sutcliffe, RMSE, percent bias, and coefficient of determination) during the calibration and validation phases proved the good performance of the model (peak-discharge and its time). The percentage of impervious surfaces was found to be the most effective parameter for peak runoff discharge. Overall, the implementation of the following scenarios was evaluated: Bio-Retention-Cell, Porous-Paver-Systems, Infiltration-Trench, Vegetative-Swale and the Combination-of-the-Scenarios resulted in a reduction in runoff of 8.51, 9.58, 15.79, 10.25 and 43 percent, respectively. Finally, in the return periods of 2, 5 and 10 years, the best performance has been achieved by Combination-of-the-Scenarios, Infiltration-Trench, Vegetative-Swale, Porous-Paver-Systems and Bio-Retention-Cell. The results of the present study have shown that the implementation of low-impact development strategies together with the conventional urban drainage network in the SWMM is a good estimate for testing the performance and implementation methods of different scenarios for experts and managers.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96495_59ae0a874b16cabb19b26998a4400b24.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Evaluation of the Performance of CMIP6 Models in Estimating Temperature and Precipitation in the Sefidrood BasinEvaluation of the Performance of CMIP6 Models in Estimating Temperature and Precipitation in the Sefidrood Basin2772899738910.22059/jwim.2024.374623.1155FARezaSeraj EbrahimiDepartment of Civil Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran.Mohammad JavadZareianDepartment of Water Resources Study and Research, Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.HosseinDehbanDepartment of Water Resources Study and Research, Water Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240403Using the most accurate methods and models to simulate the impact of climate change on meteorological variables in different regions of the world is of utmost importance. In this study, the accuracy of 10 AOGCM models related to the sixth assessment report of the IPCC (CMIP6) was investigated for simulating temperature and precipitation in the Sefidrood Basin. For this purpose, observational data of temperature and precipitation from 16 weather stations located in the basin during the time period from 1980 to 2014 were compared with the output of AOGCMs. The Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) index was utilized for this comparison. The comparison was conducted on both annual and monthly time scales, and the more accurate models were identified for each time period. The results indicated that the accuracy of AOGCM models in estimating temperature in the study area was higher than their accuracy in estimating precipitation. Additionally, different models exhibited varying capabilities in simulating these variables across different months. Based on the results obtained, the MIROC6 and MRI-EMS2-0 models performed better than other models in estimating the temperature of different months. Furthermore, the HadGEM3-GC31-LL model showed a better performance than other models in estimating historical precipitation for most months of the year. Based on the results obtained, it is necessary to select and use the best AOGCM models for each month before conducting climate change simulation studies in the study area.Using the most accurate methods and models to simulate the impact of climate change on meteorological variables in different regions of the world is of utmost importance. In this study, the accuracy of 10 AOGCM models related to the sixth assessment report of the IPCC (CMIP6) was investigated for simulating temperature and precipitation in the Sefidrood Basin. For this purpose, observational data of temperature and precipitation from 16 weather stations located in the basin during the time period from 1980 to 2014 were compared with the output of AOGCMs. The Kling-Gupta Efficiency (KGE) index was utilized for this comparison. The comparison was conducted on both annual and monthly time scales, and the more accurate models were identified for each time period. The results indicated that the accuracy of AOGCM models in estimating temperature in the study area was higher than their accuracy in estimating precipitation. Additionally, different models exhibited varying capabilities in simulating these variables across different months. Based on the results obtained, the MIROC6 and MRI-EMS2-0 models performed better than other models in estimating the temperature of different months. Furthermore, the HadGEM3-GC31-LL model showed a better performance than other models in estimating historical precipitation for most months of the year. Based on the results obtained, it is necessary to select and use the best AOGCM models for each month before conducting climate change simulation studies in the study area.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_97389_5691248558775a7d4320ad803d6dc793.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Assessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution based on new hybrid approach methodsAssessment of groundwater vulnerability to pollution based on new hybrid approach methods2913089692210.22059/jwim.2024.373115.1150FAAminrezaNeshatDepartment of GIS/RS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.MasoumehAbedDepartment of GIS/RS, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.0009-0000-1236-8898MahdiRamezaniDepartment of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resource and Environment, Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240225The important issue regarding underground water resources is to know the extent of groundwater pollution, which leads to the management of areas prone to pollution. Groundwater vulnerability assessment can play a vital role in protecting, exploiting and prioritizing areas for controlling and using preventive plans. Due to the nature of the area, agricultural activities and nitrate increase, the DRASTIC method needs to be modified. The aim of the current research is to modify the weights of the DRASTIC model, which is considering the importance of modifying the ranking and the effect of weighting methods in the Yasouj aquifer.The frequency ratio framework was used to calibrate the DRASTIC index rates. Then, the weight correction of DRASTIC parameters was done in two stages of research, the first stage includes Shannon entropy and SPSA methods and the second stage includes BWM (Best Worst Method) and SWARA (Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) methods. Therefore, nine frames including FR_DRASTIC, DRASTIC_Entropy, DRASTIC_SPSA, DRASTIC_SWARA, DRASTIC_BWM, FR_Entropy, FR_SPSA, FR_BWM, FR_SWARA were obtained. The nitrate concentration of the well samples was used to validate the vulnerability indicators. Validation was done by ROC Curve method. FR_SWARA performed better than other methods with the area under the curve of 0.80.The important issue regarding underground water resources is to know the extent of groundwater pollution, which leads to the management of areas prone to pollution. Groundwater vulnerability assessment can play a vital role in protecting, exploiting and prioritizing areas for controlling and using preventive plans. Due to the nature of the area, agricultural activities and nitrate increase, the DRASTIC method needs to be modified. The aim of the current research is to modify the weights of the DRASTIC model, which is considering the importance of modifying the ranking and the effect of weighting methods in the Yasouj aquifer.The frequency ratio framework was used to calibrate the DRASTIC index rates. Then, the weight correction of DRASTIC parameters was done in two stages of research, the first stage includes Shannon entropy and SPSA methods and the second stage includes BWM (Best Worst Method) and SWARA (Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) methods. Therefore, nine frames including FR_DRASTIC, DRASTIC_Entropy, DRASTIC_SPSA, DRASTIC_SWARA, DRASTIC_BWM, FR_Entropy, FR_SPSA, FR_BWM, FR_SWARA were obtained. The nitrate concentration of the well samples was used to validate the vulnerability indicators. Validation was done by ROC Curve method. FR_SWARA performed better than other methods with the area under the curve of 0.80.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96922_46443437a250e6d691a6f74038ac1c2d.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Determination of the Optimal Economic Height Increase of the Zarineh-Roud Dam Using a Simulation-optimization Approach and Evaluation of the Reservoir's Performance Under Climate Change ConditionsDetermination of the Optimal Economic Height Increase of the Zarineh-Roud Dam Using a Simulation-optimization Approach and Evaluation of the Reservoir's Performance Under Climate Change Conditions3093289649410.22059/jwim.2024.370706.1135FAOmidNiroumandFaculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0004-5327-6859MojtabaShourianFaculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.MaryamJavan SalehiFaculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0001-9315-8867Journal Article20240106In this study, the combination of the Improved Water Optimization (IWO) algorithm and the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) simulation model was employed to investigate the potential increase in the economic optimum height of the Zarineh Rood Reservoir Dam. The WEAP model's results indicated deficiencies in meeting the drinking, industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs of the study area under current conditions. Furthermore, the WEAP-IWO modeling results revealed an economically optimal increase in the height of the Zarineh Rood dam by 6.3 meters, resulting in a new reservoir volume estimated at 913.4 million cubic meters. By incorporating this increased reservoir volume into the WEAP model, there was an average 17.76 (precent ) enhancement in demand coverage and water supply system reliability across the study area. Additionally, the study assessed the impact of climate change on inflows to the Zarineh Rood reservoir for the future period (2022-2040), indicating an overall decreasing trend in the average annual river discharge compared to the baseline period. Furthermore, under both the SSP1-2.6 (optimistic) and SSP5-8.5 (pessimistic) scenarios, water scarcity for meeting agricultural demands in the study area is projected to worsen relative to current conditions. Reductions in demand coverage and reliability index results for the study area were observed under both SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios compared to current conditions. Therefore, increasing the dam's height to mitigate the effects of climate change appears necessary.In this study, the combination of the Improved Water Optimization (IWO) algorithm and the Water Evaluation and Planning System (WEAP) simulation model was employed to investigate the potential increase in the economic optimum height of the Zarineh Rood Reservoir Dam. The WEAP model's results indicated deficiencies in meeting the drinking, industrial, agricultural, and environmental needs of the study area under current conditions. Furthermore, the WEAP-IWO modeling results revealed an economically optimal increase in the height of the Zarineh Rood dam by 6.3 meters, resulting in a new reservoir volume estimated at 913.4 million cubic meters. By incorporating this increased reservoir volume into the WEAP model, there was an average 17.76 (precent ) enhancement in demand coverage and water supply system reliability across the study area. Additionally, the study assessed the impact of climate change on inflows to the Zarineh Rood reservoir for the future period (2022-2040), indicating an overall decreasing trend in the average annual river discharge compared to the baseline period. Furthermore, under both the SSP1-2.6 (optimistic) and SSP5-8.5 (pessimistic) scenarios, water scarcity for meeting agricultural demands in the study area is projected to worsen relative to current conditions. Reductions in demand coverage and reliability index results for the study area were observed under both SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios compared to current conditions. Therefore, increasing the dam's height to mitigate the effects of climate change appears necessary.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96494_592219407284666f9118af20fda101bf.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Construction, test, and evaluation of hydrodynamic screw turbine in laboratory scaleConstruction, test, and evaluation of hydrodynamic screw turbine in laboratory scale3293429692110.22059/jwim.2024.374166.1154FAAbbassGodiniDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.KazemShahverdiDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.SaeedGohariDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.0000-0001-6599-7161Journal Article20240320Due to the increasing importance of using clean energy, Hydrodynamic screw turbine has been considered as a small-scale hydropower source. One of the characteristics that makes the mentioned turbine to be unique compared to others is its acceptable performance in low head and flow conditions. Although a lot of research has been done in the world to achieve the best configuration to achieve the maximum output efficiency using numerical and laboratory methods, but the methods of making these types of turbines have rarely been examined. In this research, for the first time in Iran, the construction of a hydrodynamic screw turbine with a traditional method based on common industrial processes has been described. Then, its testing and evaluation have been considered. The installation angle of 24 degrees was obtained as the optimal installation angle.Due to the increasing importance of using clean energy, Hydrodynamic screw turbine has been considered as a small-scale hydropower source. One of the characteristics that makes the mentioned turbine to be unique compared to others is its acceptable performance in low head and flow conditions. Although a lot of research has been done in the world to achieve the best configuration to achieve the maximum output efficiency using numerical and laboratory methods, but the methods of making these types of turbines have rarely been examined. In this research, for the first time in Iran, the construction of a hydrodynamic screw turbine with a traditional method based on common industrial processes has been described. Then, its testing and evaluation have been considered. The installation angle of 24 degrees was obtained as the optimal installation angle.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96921_2df4e80322692bfcbb22a24a1d3d84b6.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Numerical simulation of Taybad plain aquifer using MODFLOW and prediction of management scenariosNumerical simulation of Taybad plain aquifer using MODFLOW and prediction of management scenarios3433559669810.22059/jwim.2024.369806.1129FABehzadAzadeganDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Tehran, Iran.HannanHanafiDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Tehran, Iran.MaryamVaravi PourDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Tehran, Iran.0009-0005-2281-5598HamidKardan MoghaddamWater Research Institute, Ministry of Energy, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20231218The aim of the research is quantitative modeling of the underground water flow of the plain aquifer and the investigation of management solutions to deal with the drop in the underground water level. This research was investigated using hydrogeological information, hydrology, meteorology and basic studies of underground water sources. Quantitative underground water modeling was done using GMS software and Modflow code and the underground water level was simulated for the years 2011-2015 with 60 monthly time steps. Manual calibration of the model was done for 2011-2014 and its validation was done for 2014-2015. Future management solutions, in the form of combined scenarios:One- 10% reduction in withdrawal from wells with a 5% reduction in feeding from return of agricultural water. Two- 20% reduction in withdrawal from wells with a 10% reduction in feeding from return of agricultural water. Three- Their comparison with the continuation of the existing trend was predicted for the years 2015-2019. The result of the aquifer modeling for the above time periods showed the deficit of the reservoir 33.09 MCM. But by applying a 10% reduction in withdrawal and a 5% reduction in feeding, 21.38 MCM/year and by applying a 20% reduction in recharging from the return flows of agricultural consumption and 10% reduction in feeding, 25.94 MCM/year were added to the volume of the water balance. But with the continuation of the current trend, the deficit volume of the aquifer was estimated to be more than 54 MCM.The aim of the research is quantitative modeling of the underground water flow of the plain aquifer and the investigation of management solutions to deal with the drop in the underground water level. This research was investigated using hydrogeological information, hydrology, meteorology and basic studies of underground water sources. Quantitative underground water modeling was done using GMS software and Modflow code and the underground water level was simulated for the years 2011-2015 with 60 monthly time steps. Manual calibration of the model was done for 2011-2014 and its validation was done for 2014-2015. Future management solutions, in the form of combined scenarios:One- 10% reduction in withdrawal from wells with a 5% reduction in feeding from return of agricultural water. Two- 20% reduction in withdrawal from wells with a 10% reduction in feeding from return of agricultural water. Three- Their comparison with the continuation of the existing trend was predicted for the years 2015-2019. The result of the aquifer modeling for the above time periods showed the deficit of the reservoir 33.09 MCM. But by applying a 10% reduction in withdrawal and a 5% reduction in feeding, 21.38 MCM/year and by applying a 20% reduction in recharging from the return flows of agricultural consumption and 10% reduction in feeding, 25.94 MCM/year were added to the volume of the water balance. But with the continuation of the current trend, the deficit volume of the aquifer was estimated to be more than 54 MCM.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96698_86790ce2068f68bb82e9216248d5a20f.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Investigating the effects of biochar on irrigation water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in Karla plant under water stress conditionsInvestigating the effects of biochar on irrigation water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency in Karla plant under water stress conditions3573739650010.22059/jwim.2024.370473.1132FAHalimehPiriDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.EsmaeilMirDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.Journal Article20240101<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">In this research, the effect of biochar on the efficiency of irrigation water consumption and the efficiency of nitrogen consumption at different levels of water and nitrogen fertilizer for karla plant was investigated in Zahedan. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse conditions in a factorial manner and in the form of a completely random design with three replications (planted in February 2018 and harvested in April 2019). The treatments include three irrigation water treatments (I1) 50, (I2) 75 and 100 (I3) percent of irrigation water, four biochar treatments (zero (B1), 1.25 (B2), 2.5 (B3) and 5 (B4) weight percentage of pot soil) and three nitrogen fertilizer treatments (50 (N1), 75 (N2) and 100 (N3) percent of plant fertilizer requirement). Water stress levels during the growing season were measured by weighing the pots daily. Harvesting was done once a week. A total of five harvests were done. The yield and efficiency of irrigation water consumption and the efficiency of nitrogen consumption and soil salinity were calculated at the end of the growing season in each treatment. Also, soil nitrogen and fruit sugar were measured in each harvest. The results showed that the effects of irrigation water and biochar levels on the measured parameters were significant at the probability level of one and five percent. The highest amount of yield (15.5 tons per hectare) was obtained from the treatment of 100% of the amount of irrigation water, which was not significant with the treatment of 75% of irrigation water. The use of biochar up to 2.5 percent by weight of the soil increased the yield. More use of biochar (5% by weight of soil) decreased plant yield. The highest water consumption efficiency (3.14 kg/m3) and nitrogen consumption efficiency (94.55 kg/kg) were obtained with the use of 75% nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg/ha) and 2.5% by weight of biochar. The use of the appropriate amount of biochar reduced the negative effects of moisture stress in comparison with the control. Therefore, it is recommended to use it for the plant and especially in the conditions where the plant is under drought stress or in greenhouses and storages in order to reduce the amount of water consumed and improve the performance of the plant, although it is suggested to test in The farm should also be completed.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">In this research, the effect of biochar on the efficiency of irrigation water consumption and the efficiency of nitrogen consumption at different levels of water and nitrogen fertilizer for karla plant was investigated in Zahedan. The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse conditions in a factorial manner and in the form of a completely random design with three replications (planted in February 2018 and harvested in April 2019). The treatments include three irrigation water treatments (I1) 50, (I2) 75 and 100 (I3) percent of irrigation water, four biochar treatments (zero (B1), 1.25 (B2), 2.5 (B3) and 5 (B4) weight percentage of pot soil) and three nitrogen fertilizer treatments (50 (N1), 75 (N2) and 100 (N3) percent of plant fertilizer requirement). Water stress levels during the growing season were measured by weighing the pots daily. Harvesting was done once a week. A total of five harvests were done. The yield and efficiency of irrigation water consumption and the efficiency of nitrogen consumption and soil salinity were calculated at the end of the growing season in each treatment. Also, soil nitrogen and fruit sugar were measured in each harvest. The results showed that the effects of irrigation water and biochar levels on the measured parameters were significant at the probability level of one and five percent. The highest amount of yield (15.5 tons per hectare) was obtained from the treatment of 100% of the amount of irrigation water, which was not significant with the treatment of 75% of irrigation water. The use of biochar up to 2.5 percent by weight of the soil increased the yield. More use of biochar (5% by weight of soil) decreased plant yield. The highest water consumption efficiency (3.14 kg/m3) and nitrogen consumption efficiency (94.55 kg/kg) were obtained with the use of 75% nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg/ha) and 2.5% by weight of biochar. The use of the appropriate amount of biochar reduced the negative effects of moisture stress in comparison with the control. Therefore, it is recommended to use it for the plant and especially in the conditions where the plant is under drought stress or in greenhouses and storages in order to reduce the amount of water consumed and improve the performance of the plant, although it is suggested to test in The farm should also be completed.</span>https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96500_30860961cbd5fc713e93410a200c8869.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Exploration of the Governance Systems for Sustainable Water Management with a Special Focus on Iran's ConditionsExploration of the Governance Systems for Sustainable Water Management with a Special Focus on Iran's Conditions3754039649310.22059/jwim.2024.369731.1128FASepidehZeraati NeyshabouriDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.HosseinKhozeymeh NezhadDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.ZeinabBeyranvandDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran.Journal Article20231216Competition for water resources, driven by demand and supply pressures arising from economic development, population growth, and climate change, has transformed the water crisis into the most fundamental challenge of the current century, with implications for human rights and food security. By 2050, water stress will affect over four billion people around the world. Clearly, without a significant shift from crisis management to risk management, conflicts will intensify, rendering avoidance impossible. Researchers have largely attributed the water crisis to governance instability (including political, social, economic, and administrative systems responsible for the development and management of water resources). Therefore, water governance mechanisms worldwide require innovative and sustainable approaches to adapt for evolving conditions and related uncertainties in the water sector. Consequently, different approaches to water governance have emerged in countries and regions around the world. However, the concept of water governance remains a subject of debate, with many aspects yet to be adequately explained, particularly in Iran, where a significant gap is felt in addressing the issues raised in global literature. This study, employing a review-analytical approach, initially clarifies the foundations and concepts of water governance, introduces its types and characteristics, and subsequently examines the state of water governance in Iran and globally. It portrays the advantages and challenges thereof, and based on these findings, provides recommendations and solutions for improvement, emphasizing the economic, social, and legal conditions prevailing in the country.Competition for water resources, driven by demand and supply pressures arising from economic development, population growth, and climate change, has transformed the water crisis into the most fundamental challenge of the current century, with implications for human rights and food security. By 2050, water stress will affect over four billion people around the world. Clearly, without a significant shift from crisis management to risk management, conflicts will intensify, rendering avoidance impossible. Researchers have largely attributed the water crisis to governance instability (including political, social, economic, and administrative systems responsible for the development and management of water resources). Therefore, water governance mechanisms worldwide require innovative and sustainable approaches to adapt for evolving conditions and related uncertainties in the water sector. Consequently, different approaches to water governance have emerged in countries and regions around the world. However, the concept of water governance remains a subject of debate, with many aspects yet to be adequately explained, particularly in Iran, where a significant gap is felt in addressing the issues raised in global literature. This study, employing a review-analytical approach, initially clarifies the foundations and concepts of water governance, introduces its types and characteristics, and subsequently examines the state of water governance in Iran and globally. It portrays the advantages and challenges thereof, and based on these findings, provides recommendations and solutions for improvement, emphasizing the economic, social, and legal conditions prevailing in the country.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96493_37d14b1bfe75b07aa9d52620680b90d1.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Increasing the productivity of agricultural water under the optimization scenario of water resource allocation using the algorithm (NSGA-II)Increasing the productivity of agricultural water under the optimization scenario of water resource allocation using the algorithm (NSGA-II)4054199649910.22059/jwim.2024.369097.1122FAFatemeh ZahraSahabifardDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran.AliShahnazariDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran.SoniaSadeghiDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Sari, Iran.Journal Article20231203The present research deals with increasing agricultural water productivity in Tajen basin of Mazandaran province by using optimal allocation. In the current research, to find the most optimal allocation of water from the available water sources in the study area, the optimization method with genetic algorithm with non-superior ranking was used and SWMM model was used to estimate the runoff resulting from precipitation. Since the model of optimal allocation of water resources is multi-objective and has more than one optimal response, none of which is superior to the other, and the appropriate response is selected based on the management conditions, three responses were selected from the optimal responses in the form of three scenarios to be compared with the current conditions of water allocation. The results showed that the optimization of water allocation caused an increase in agricultural water productivity by 76 percent for citrus fruits, 47 percent for rice, 60 percent for oilseeds, 59 percent for corn, 65percent for wheat, 77 percent for vegetables and 76 percent for cotton for the third scenario. which is a desert scenario. Also, the economic profit has increased by 33 percent on average. According to the results, wheat products, vegetables and oilseeds after rice and citrus have the highest production and yield compared to other products in the study area. The optimal cultivated area for these products is equal to 3200, 2700, 5523 hectares, respectively. By optimizing the allocation of water resources while saving significant water consumption, the production product per water consumption as well as the economic profit can be increased depending on the chosen solution.The present research deals with increasing agricultural water productivity in Tajen basin of Mazandaran province by using optimal allocation. In the current research, to find the most optimal allocation of water from the available water sources in the study area, the optimization method with genetic algorithm with non-superior ranking was used and SWMM model was used to estimate the runoff resulting from precipitation. Since the model of optimal allocation of water resources is multi-objective and has more than one optimal response, none of which is superior to the other, and the appropriate response is selected based on the management conditions, three responses were selected from the optimal responses in the form of three scenarios to be compared with the current conditions of water allocation. The results showed that the optimization of water allocation caused an increase in agricultural water productivity by 76 percent for citrus fruits, 47 percent for rice, 60 percent for oilseeds, 59 percent for corn, 65percent for wheat, 77 percent for vegetables and 76 percent for cotton for the third scenario. which is a desert scenario. Also, the economic profit has increased by 33 percent on average. According to the results, wheat products, vegetables and oilseeds after rice and citrus have the highest production and yield compared to other products in the study area. The optimal cultivated area for these products is equal to 3200, 2700, 5523 hectares, respectively. By optimizing the allocation of water resources while saving significant water consumption, the production product per water consumption as well as the economic profit can be increased depending on the chosen solution.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96499_f818ffb5113dfe5b93395c3ee9d2cfb1.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Evaluation of the Impact of Image Fusion of Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 Satellites on Flood Zone EstimationEvaluation of the Impact of Image Fusion of Landsat 8 and Sentinel 2 Satellites on Flood Zone Estimation4214389622210.22059/jwim.2024.368243.1116FAAshkanBanikhedmatWater Resources Engineering and Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood university of technology, Shahrood, Iran.BehnazBigdeliFaculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood university of technology, Shahrood, Iran.Seyed FazlollahSeyed FazlollahFaculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood university of technology, Shahrood, Iran.Journal Article20231120<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Accurate monitoring of surface water is one of the important and necessary applications in the use of remote sensing systems. Meeting the needs raised in the use of remote sensing data collected from the earth's surface in many applications, using only one product and classification algorithm is not sufficient and possible, and for a more accurate understanding, data fusion can be a better option. In this system, various approaches such as water extraction indices or classification algorithms are used to identify water areas. In this research, an fusion approach of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 optical sensor images was used. Firstly, the spatial resolution of these sensors was enhanced from 30 to 10 meters by Pansharpening them and preserving spectral information. Then, water extraction indices such as NDWI, MNDWI, AWEI_sh, AWEI_nsh, and WI were applied to the integrated images. Subsequently, using classification algorithms such as SVM, Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Distance, Neural Network, and Random Forest, the study area was classified into two categories of water and non-water areas. Finally, the results obtained from all classification algorithms for pre and post-flood images of Mazandaran province in the 2019 flood event were merged using the majority voting method, which is considered an integration approach at the decision-making level. Random forest classification algorithm with overall accuracy of 97.76 and 94.12 and Kappa coefficient 94.49 and 91.41 for images before and after flood had the best classification performance among the algorithms used in this research. The fusion of classification algorithms showed an improvement in the separation performance of water and non-water areas with an increase in the overall accuracy of separation to 98.41 and 95.24 and Kappa coefficient 96.12 and 92.81 for the images before and after the flood.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">Accurate monitoring of surface water is one of the important and necessary applications in the use of remote sensing systems. Meeting the needs raised in the use of remote sensing data collected from the earth's surface in many applications, using only one product and classification algorithm is not sufficient and possible, and for a more accurate understanding, data fusion can be a better option. In this system, various approaches such as water extraction indices or classification algorithms are used to identify water areas. In this research, an fusion approach of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 optical sensor images was used. Firstly, the spatial resolution of these sensors was enhanced from 30 to 10 meters by Pansharpening them and preserving spectral information. Then, water extraction indices such as NDWI, MNDWI, AWEI_sh, AWEI_nsh, and WI were applied to the integrated images. Subsequently, using classification algorithms such as SVM, Maximum Likelihood, Minimum Distance, Neural Network, and Random Forest, the study area was classified into two categories of water and non-water areas. Finally, the results obtained from all classification algorithms for pre and post-flood images of Mazandaran province in the 2019 flood event were merged using the majority voting method, which is considered an integration approach at the decision-making level. Random forest classification algorithm with overall accuracy of 97.76 and 94.12 and Kappa coefficient 94.49 and 91.41 for images before and after flood had the best classification performance among the algorithms used in this research. The fusion of classification algorithms showed an improvement in the separation performance of water and non-water areas with an increase in the overall accuracy of separation to 98.41 and 95.24 and Kappa coefficient 96.12 and 92.81 for the images before and after the flood.</span>https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96222_52486ba026d8840d9363e516b50b10e5.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Analysis of adequacy, dependability, and equity of surface water allocation by a decentralized automatic control system under water scarcity conditions: A case study of the nekouabad irrigation network in IsfahanAnalysis of adequacy, dependability, and equity of surface water allocation by a decentralized automatic control system under water scarcity conditions: A case study of the nekouabad irrigation network in Isfahan4394629738810.22059/jwim.2024.377591.1165FADorsaRahparastDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Aburaihan), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.S. MehdyHashemy ShahdanyDepartment of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology (Aburaihan), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240605<span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">This research aimed at introducing automatic control systems for surface water irrigation networks as an effective approach to reduce water losses in the agricultural sector. The technical aspects of developing these systems in modern irrigation network modernization projects were considered. Extensive field operations were conducted to collect existing data and perform field measurements in the surface water sector (open channel systems and related hydraulic structures). Subsequently, simulation of the surface water distribution process under normal and drought scenarios was carried out to enable spatio-temporal analysis and evaluation of surface water distribution among tertiary agricultural units. In this context, modeling of intelligent surface water distribution systems using the development of decentralized PI automatic control systems was also performed to investigate the impact of surface water distribution system modernization. The simulation results showed that the improvement in the efficiency index of surface water distribution in the upstream, midstream, and downstream reservoirs of the network for the decentralized PI automatic control system was in the range of 10-7%, 5-15%, and 15-4% under different water scarcity scenarios. Similarly, the improvement in the stability index of surface water distribution was 25-4%, 41-9%, and 42-9%, respectively. The improvement in the equity index of surface water distribution after self-calibration was in the range of 13-3% under different scenarios. The results indicate that under the normal scenario, with the use of the PI automatic control system, the water distribution in all reservoirs of the upstream and midstream reservoirs was in a satisfactory state. The results of the spatio-temporal analysis carried out in this research provided a clear pattern of the inefficiency of the irrigation management system in surface water distribution under water scarcity scenarios and identified the maps of vulnerable areas of the network. It is noteworthy that the methodology developed in this research can be implemented in about 2 million hectares of irrigated lands in the country, which are covered by 120 irrigation and drainage districts.</span><span style="letter-spacing: -.2pt;">This research aimed at introducing automatic control systems for surface water irrigation networks as an effective approach to reduce water losses in the agricultural sector. The technical aspects of developing these systems in modern irrigation network modernization projects were considered. Extensive field operations were conducted to collect existing data and perform field measurements in the surface water sector (open channel systems and related hydraulic structures). Subsequently, simulation of the surface water distribution process under normal and drought scenarios was carried out to enable spatio-temporal analysis and evaluation of surface water distribution among tertiary agricultural units. In this context, modeling of intelligent surface water distribution systems using the development of decentralized PI automatic control systems was also performed to investigate the impact of surface water distribution system modernization. The simulation results showed that the improvement in the efficiency index of surface water distribution in the upstream, midstream, and downstream reservoirs of the network for the decentralized PI automatic control system was in the range of 10-7%, 5-15%, and 15-4% under different water scarcity scenarios. Similarly, the improvement in the stability index of surface water distribution was 25-4%, 41-9%, and 42-9%, respectively. The improvement in the equity index of surface water distribution after self-calibration was in the range of 13-3% under different scenarios. The results indicate that under the normal scenario, with the use of the PI automatic control system, the water distribution in all reservoirs of the upstream and midstream reservoirs was in a satisfactory state. The results of the spatio-temporal analysis carried out in this research provided a clear pattern of the inefficiency of the irrigation management system in surface water distribution under water scarcity scenarios and identified the maps of vulnerable areas of the network. It is noteworthy that the methodology developed in this research can be implemented in about 2 million hectares of irrigated lands in the country, which are covered by 120 irrigation and drainage districts.</span>https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_97388_3a050bfb5ef9e807c8f0a3106674753f.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Uncertainty assessment of monthly precipitation using multiple GCMs and quantile mapping bias correction methodsUncertainty assessment of monthly precipitation using multiple GCMs and quantile mapping bias correction methods4634869657410.22059/jwim.2024.369044.1121FANimaNemati ShishehgaranDepartment of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.0009-0002-9257-218XFaribaBabaeianDepartment of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.HojjatMianabadiDepartment of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20231202Given the complexity of the climate system and the non-linear relationships between the ocean and atmosphere within this system, it is imperative to comprehend and consider the uncertainties that stem from different sources. Understanding and accounting for uncertainties play a crucial role in predicting climatic variables and facilitating a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation policies. The objective of this study is to quantify the uncertainties in historical and future average monthly precipitation by employing various General Circulation Models (GCMs), bias correction methods, Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios, and seven projection periods. To achieve this, the outputs of ten GCMs were adjusted using nine quantile mapping bias correction methods for the Rafsanjan study area, and a suitable method was chosen to analyze the uncertainties of SSPs and projection periods. Two statistical criteria, namely the standard deviation and interquartile range, were utilized to measure the uncertainties. The results revealed that the standard deviation and interquartile range of average monthly precipitation were lower during the historical period compared to the projection period. This difference was determined based on the selection of bias correction methods and GCMs. Furthermore, for both the historical and future periods, the STDEVs and IQRs of average monthly precipitation were lower depending on the type of bias correction methods rather than the type of GCMs. In general, the uncertainties associated with projection periods and the type of GCMs are higher during future periods compared to other sources of uncertainties such as bias correction methods and SSP scenarios. This highlights the necessity for a more accurate analysis. This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of the inherent uncertainties in climate change projections that arise from various sources.Given the complexity of the climate system and the non-linear relationships between the ocean and atmosphere within this system, it is imperative to comprehend and consider the uncertainties that stem from different sources. Understanding and accounting for uncertainties play a crucial role in predicting climatic variables and facilitating a comprehensive evaluation of greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation policies. The objective of this study is to quantify the uncertainties in historical and future average monthly precipitation by employing various General Circulation Models (GCMs), bias correction methods, Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios, and seven projection periods. To achieve this, the outputs of ten GCMs were adjusted using nine quantile mapping bias correction methods for the Rafsanjan study area, and a suitable method was chosen to analyze the uncertainties of SSPs and projection periods. Two statistical criteria, namely the standard deviation and interquartile range, were utilized to measure the uncertainties. The results revealed that the standard deviation and interquartile range of average monthly precipitation were lower during the historical period compared to the projection period. This difference was determined based on the selection of bias correction methods and GCMs. Furthermore, for both the historical and future periods, the STDEVs and IQRs of average monthly precipitation were lower depending on the type of bias correction methods rather than the type of GCMs. In general, the uncertainties associated with projection periods and the type of GCMs are higher during future periods compared to other sources of uncertainties such as bias correction methods and SSP scenarios. This highlights the necessity for a more accurate analysis. This study contributes to an enhanced understanding of the inherent uncertainties in climate change projections that arise from various sources.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96574_b2178fa275cccf2946677db54b5bfa76.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Quantification of anthropogenic factors affecting Iran’s groundwater quality: Application of method of moments quantile regressionQuantification of anthropogenic factors affecting Iran’s groundwater quality: Application of method of moments quantile regression4875089622410.22059/jwim.2024.369475.1124FASoorenaNaderiDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.AliMoridiDepartment of Water, Wastewater and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20231211Until now, various studies have been conducted regarding the quality of groundwater resources in Iran, however, few researchers have paid attention to the assessment of the role of different anthropogenic factors in the decrease of the quality of these resources. In this study, in order to fill this gap, the groundwater quality index was first calculated for all provinces of Iran between 2013 to 2019, and then by using a novel approach in estimating quantile regression, the influences of anthropogenic factors on the quality index were measured. Furthermore, to investigate the role and impact of sewage infrastructures on the quality of groundwater, two composite indices for the development of sewage treatment and collection infrastructures have been calculated by Entropy method. The findings of the study illustrate that in areas with high quality groundwater, the main factor affecting the quality of groundwater is the population, so that one percent growth in it increases the quality index by 0.71 percent. In places with medium and low-quality groundwater, the main factor in the quality decline of these resources is the economic growth of the agricultural sector. In fact, each percent growth in the economy of the agricultural sector amplifies the quality index by more than 2.5 percent. Other influential factors in these areas are population growth and economic growth of industry and mining sector. One percent growth in the composite indicators of the development of sewage treatment and collection infrastructure has also lessened the quality index by 0.05 and 0.01 percent on average. According to the results of the study, reducing input intensity in the agricultural sector and upgrading the sewage infrastructure are the main possible solutions regarding the quality management of groundwater resources in Iran.Until now, various studies have been conducted regarding the quality of groundwater resources in Iran, however, few researchers have paid attention to the assessment of the role of different anthropogenic factors in the decrease of the quality of these resources. In this study, in order to fill this gap, the groundwater quality index was first calculated for all provinces of Iran between 2013 to 2019, and then by using a novel approach in estimating quantile regression, the influences of anthropogenic factors on the quality index were measured. Furthermore, to investigate the role and impact of sewage infrastructures on the quality of groundwater, two composite indices for the development of sewage treatment and collection infrastructures have been calculated by Entropy method. The findings of the study illustrate that in areas with high quality groundwater, the main factor affecting the quality of groundwater is the population, so that one percent growth in it increases the quality index by 0.71 percent. In places with medium and low-quality groundwater, the main factor in the quality decline of these resources is the economic growth of the agricultural sector. In fact, each percent growth in the economy of the agricultural sector amplifies the quality index by more than 2.5 percent. Other influential factors in these areas are population growth and economic growth of industry and mining sector. One percent growth in the composite indicators of the development of sewage treatment and collection infrastructure has also lessened the quality index by 0.05 and 0.01 percent on average. According to the results of the study, reducing input intensity in the agricultural sector and upgrading the sewage infrastructure are the main possible solutions regarding the quality management of groundwater resources in Iran.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96224_734581b1f6310521bf39108ec842f0d6.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Quality monitoring and self-purification capacity of Sirvan river in Azad Doab intervalQuality monitoring and self-purification capacity of Sirvan river in Azad Doab interval5095299608910.22059/jwim.2024.364568.1100FAShahoRostamiDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Islamic University, Sanandaj, Iran.SobhanRostamiDepartment of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.VafaRezaeiDepartment of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, Islamic University, Sanandaj, Iran.Journal Article20230926Due to the increasing pollution from domestic wastewater in urban and rural areas, as well as industrial and agricultural activities, the future of the country's water resources, especially surface water resources, will face inevitable environmental crises. The assessment of the water resources situation to determine the severity of the current crisis and warn about the future is very important and influential. In this research, the quality status and self-purification capacity of the Sirvan River in the Azad Doab interval under the influence of input pollutants along the study area have been investigated. For this research, considering the current conditions and situation, 7 physicochemical water quality parameters, including dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, pH, and temperature, were measured and analyzed at 10 selected stations along the approximately 45-kilometer study area in three seasons (winter, spring, and summer) using standard methods. Furthermore, the water quality status of the free water interval was evaluated using the IRWQI water quality index. According to the results obtained, most of the sampling stations had low pollution levels due to adequate water supply, winding path, and appropriate ventilation by wind, and they were qualitatively relatively good. Only in some areas, such as the location of station number 9, the water quality has decreased due to the discharge of wastewater from the city of Sarvabad into the river, but after that point and along the route, it gradually improves towards the desired condition.Due to the increasing pollution from domestic wastewater in urban and rural areas, as well as industrial and agricultural activities, the future of the country's water resources, especially surface water resources, will face inevitable environmental crises. The assessment of the water resources situation to determine the severity of the current crisis and warn about the future is very important and influential. In this research, the quality status and self-purification capacity of the Sirvan River in the Azad Doab interval under the influence of input pollutants along the study area have been investigated. For this research, considering the current conditions and situation, 7 physicochemical water quality parameters, including dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, turbidity, pH, and temperature, were measured and analyzed at 10 selected stations along the approximately 45-kilometer study area in three seasons (winter, spring, and summer) using standard methods. Furthermore, the water quality status of the free water interval was evaluated using the IRWQI water quality index. According to the results obtained, most of the sampling stations had low pollution levels due to adequate water supply, winding path, and appropriate ventilation by wind, and they were qualitatively relatively good. Only in some areas, such as the location of station number 9, the water quality has decreased due to the discharge of wastewater from the city of Sarvabad into the river, but after that point and along the route, it gradually improves towards the desired condition.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96089_940e4dae5bebd23569a44a3f22394957.pdfUnivrsity Of Tehran PressWater and Irrigation Management2251-629814220240922Geographical and statistical analysis of groundwater quality changes in Bam PlainGeographical and statistical analysis of groundwater quality changes in Bam Plain5275419689510.22059/jwim.2024.373180.1151FAMoslemBorjiDepartment of Arid and Mountainous Reclamation Regions, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.HosseinYousefiSchool of Energy Engineering and Sustainable Resources, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.AliMahmoudi AznavehSchool of Energy Engineering and Sustainable Resources, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Journal Article20240226Increasing population growth and thereby increasing exploitation of ground water resources has led to not only decreased quantity but also reduced quality of these valuable resources. Therefore, necessity of studying the quality of water in these areas can help proper management of these water resources. The aim of this study was to determine the groundwater quality variables using principal component analysis and then to evaluate the efficacy of the three kriging models namely simple kriging, universal kriging, and ordinary kriging in interpolation of the most important qualitative variables defined in Bam plain. For this purpose, of the 60 existing wells, 40 wells with good distribution in the study area were selected randomly as for training and the remaining wells were used to test the models. Results of principal component analysis showed that the two variables EC and TDS as the main variables explained the highest changes in variance of other water quality variables. Results of interpolation based on these two parameters showed that ordinary and universal kriging were relatively same in estimating the salinity in the training step, but in the testing step, in the KO method, the RMSE and MAE coefficients are 24.422 and 35.153 microsiemens per centimeter, respectively. These values have differences of 1.22 and 0.52 µs/cm less than the KU method, and consequently, they are superior to Universal Kriging. In interpolation of variable TDS in both the training and testing steps, ordinary kriging had the best performance compared to the two other methods. Interpolation results based on these two variables also showed that the salinity in the north and northeastern parts of the plain in two ordinary and universal kriging was higher than other places indicating a good conformity with changes in land use.Increasing population growth and thereby increasing exploitation of ground water resources has led to not only decreased quantity but also reduced quality of these valuable resources. Therefore, necessity of studying the quality of water in these areas can help proper management of these water resources. The aim of this study was to determine the groundwater quality variables using principal component analysis and then to evaluate the efficacy of the three kriging models namely simple kriging, universal kriging, and ordinary kriging in interpolation of the most important qualitative variables defined in Bam plain. For this purpose, of the 60 existing wells, 40 wells with good distribution in the study area were selected randomly as for training and the remaining wells were used to test the models. Results of principal component analysis showed that the two variables EC and TDS as the main variables explained the highest changes in variance of other water quality variables. Results of interpolation based on these two parameters showed that ordinary and universal kriging were relatively same in estimating the salinity in the training step, but in the testing step, in the KO method, the RMSE and MAE coefficients are 24.422 and 35.153 microsiemens per centimeter, respectively. These values have differences of 1.22 and 0.52 µs/cm less than the KU method, and consequently, they are superior to Universal Kriging. In interpolation of variable TDS in both the training and testing steps, ordinary kriging had the best performance compared to the two other methods. Interpolation results based on these two variables also showed that the salinity in the north and northeastern parts of the plain in two ordinary and universal kriging was higher than other places indicating a good conformity with changes in land use.https://jwim.ut.ac.ir/article_96895_1640a85974cf155bc2a3b8cb2280d458.pdf